H

Piechota, Hansjürgen; Waldner, Michael; Roth, Stephan

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55794-1_7

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Inorganic phosphorous compounds are used for fire retardants either by blending with polyurethane components or by reacting into the main polymer chain. Piechota 67 was the first to investigate polyurethane foams and found red phosphorus to be very effective as a fire retardant. Although red phosphorus is used in polyurethane foam formulations, phosphorous compounds in the form of phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, phosphonitrides, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, and halogen-containing phosphorous compounds are more effective.…”

Section: Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review

Singh

Jain

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

270

168

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This review provides insight into the ignition, combustion, smoke, toxicity, and fire-retardant performance of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams. This review also covers various additive and reactive fireretardant approaches adopted to render polyurethane foams fire-retardant. Literature sources are mostly technical publications, patents, and books published since 1961. It has been found by different workers that polyurethane foams are easily ignitable and highly flammable, support combustion, and burn quite rapidly. They are therefore required to be fire-retardant for different applications. Polyurethane foams during combustion produce a large quantity of vision-obscuring smoke. The toxicity of the combustion products is much higher than that of many other manmade polymers because of the high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. Polyurethane foams have been rendered fire-retardant by the incorporation of phosphorus-containing compounds, halogen-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing additives, silicone-containing products, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic additives. Some heat-resistant groups such as carbodiimide-, isocyanurate-, and nitrogencontaining heterocycles formed with polyurethane foams also render urethane foams fire-retardant. Fire-retardant additives reduce the flammability, smoke level, and toxicity of polyurethane foams with some degradation in other characteristics. It can be concluded that despite many significant attempts, no commercial solution to the fire retardancy of polyurethane foams without some loss of physical and mechanical properties is available.

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Section: Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%