Deposits of protein misfolding and/or aggregates are a pathological hallmark of amyloid-related diseases. For instance, insulin amyloid fibril deposits have been observed in patients with insulindependent diabetes mellitus after insulin administration. Here, we report on the use of AuNPs functionalized with linear-(i.e. dextrin and chitosan) and branched-(i.e. dextran-40 and dextran-10) biopolymers as potential agents to inhibit insulin fibril formation. Our dynamic light scattering analyses showed a size decrease of the amyloid fibrils in the presence of functionalized AuNPs. Circular dichroism spectroscopy as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data demonstrated that the secondary structural transition from α-helix to β-sheet (which is characteristic for insulin amyloid fibril formation) was significantly suppressed by all biopolymer-coated AuNPs, and in particular, by those functionalized with linear biopolymers. Both transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses showed that the long thick amyloid fibrils formed by insulin alone become shorter, thinner or cluster when incubated with biopolymer-coated AuNPs. Dextrin-and chitosan-coated AuNPs were found to be the best inhibitors of the fibril formation. Based on these results, we propose a mechanism for the inhibition of insulin amyloid fibrils: biopolymer-coated AuNPsstrongly interact with the insulin monomers and inhibit the oligomer formation as well as elongation of the protofibrils.Moreover, cytotoxicity experiments showed that AuNP-insulin amyloid fibrils are less toxic compared to insulin amyloid fibrils alone. Our results suggest that both dextrin-and chitosan-AuNPs could be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of amyloid-related disorders. Deposition of insoluble protein aggregates referred as amyloids has been observed as a common feature of various degenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's, type II diabetes, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease) 1-5. Almost 20 different human proteins have been identified to form amyloid deposits and aggregates in intracellular and extracellular matrix of the brain 6. Amyloid fibrils have been recognized as highly-ordered aggregates, rich in cross β-sheet secondary structures with unbranched filamentous morphology 7. Generally, amyloid fibril formation involves several steps including oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils 8,9. Each of these forms has distinctive molecular conformations and different degrees of toxicity to the neuronal cells 10. One of the human proteins where amyloid fibril formation is considered a major problem is insulin. It is a 51-residue polypeptide hormone involved in regulating the blood glucose level and is used for the treatment of diabetes. It consists of an A-chain (21-residues) and B-chain (30-residues) which are connected by a pair of inter-chain disulfide bonds 11. Furthermore, it has been shown to exhibit an in vitro amyloid fibril-forming tendency at certain destabilizing conditions (e.g., low pH, elevated temperature, increased ionic strength, and ...