H2 evolution under visible light irradiation from aqueous methanol solution on SrTiO3:Cr/Ta prepared by spray pyrolysis from polymeric precursor

Quantification of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

“…15 In general, a comparison of published results regarding photocatalytic efficiency of many photocatalysts for H 2 or O 2 evolution is often impossible due to completely different reaction conditions or test reactors. To perform photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions with UV or visible light irradiation using homogenous or heterogeneous photocatalysts, three types of photo reactors are commonly used: reactors with (a) inner irradiation, 16 (b) top irradiation, 17,18 and (c) side irradiation 19 ( Fig. 1).…”

Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate

“…Since their experiments, related semiconductors such as ZnO [203][204][205][206], SnO 2 [207][208][209][210][211], Fe 2 O 3 [212][213][214][215], and STO attracted a lot of interest as photoanodes and were studied extensively throughout the last decades. Among others, STO became one of the best investigated compounds and applications in the field of photocatalytic overall water splitting [216-225], applications for H 2 evolution [226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237], CO 2 conversion [238][239][240], inorganic/organic pollutant, NO x , SO x and dye degradation [233,[241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254], N 2 fixation [255], and bacteria inactivation [256] were also reported.…”

“…To enhance the photocatalytic properties of STO, various dopants e.g. Na [262,263], Li [262,263]; K [262,263] Rb [262,263], Cs [262,263], Mg [262,263], In [262,263], Ga [262,263], Ir [264,265], Nb [266][267][268], Rb [263], Fe [241,254], Cr [226,236,[269][270][271][272][273][274], Sc [275], Ni [266,[276][277][278][279], La [236,263,274,[276][277][278][279][280][281][282], Rh [281][282][283][284]…”

“…The same principle is utilized in the case of Cr doping. Cr 3+ is desired and Cr 6+ a well-known recombination center, whose formation can be prevented by codoping with La [274,307], Nb [269], Sb [272] or Ta [226,269,308,309]. Rh doping is more complex, since for some applications Rh 3+ is favourable and for others Rh 4+ .…”

“…To enhance the photocatalytic properties of STO, various dopants e.g. Na, 262,263 Li; 262,263 K 262,263 Rb, 262,263 Cs, 262,263 Mg, 262,263 In, 262,263 Ga, 262,263 Ir, 264,265 Nb, 266–268 Rb, 263 Fe, 241,254 Cr, 226,236,269–274 Sc, 275 Ni, 266,276–279 La, 236,263,274,276–282 Rh, 281–285 Al, 240,262,263,286–288 Sb, 219,284,289 Ta, 226,266,269,279 Co, 287 Cu, 287 Mn, 290 B, 272,291 N, 232,280,292–296 S, 293,295,297,298 C, 267,294,297,298 P 291 or F 251,291 were reported. Since doping with only one element may lead to the formation of very active recombination centers, and other disadvantages, codoping with either two cations, two anions or one cation and one anion became popular.…”