“…Called the ‘tail of the VTA’ by one group (Perrotti et al, 2005, Kaufling et al, 2009), these neurons are now better known as the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg; Jhou et al, 2009a; b). The timely discovery of the RMTg provides an explanation as to how activation of LHb neurons by aversive stimuli (Christoph et al, 1986; Ullsperger and von Cramon, 2003; Brown et al, 2017) elicits profound inhibition of VTA DA neurons (Ji and Shephard, 2007; Shepard et al, 2006; Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007). The opposing valences of LHb and VTA/SNc responses to reward omission and aversive stimuli previously had been difficult to reconcile because the axonal projection from the LHb to the VTA is almost exclusively excitatory (Geisler et al, 2007; Brinschwitz et al, 2010), which dictated a need for an inhibitory intermediary – the RMTg, it turned out - to account for the functional findings (see the discussion in Ji and Shephard, 2007).…”