Habitat change and its consequences on reef fish specialization in biogeographic transition zones

Abstract

Aim Reef fishes are commonly recognized as sentinels of the ongoing tropicalization in biogeographic transition zones between temperate and tropical areas. Despite the reliance of these marine ectotherms on the benthos, the importance of benthic habitat has rarely been considered as a factor constraining fish distribution. Therefore, our study aims at examining the consequences of both temperature and benthic variations on the fish fauna and diagnosing potential sentinels of these environmental changes. Location Taiwan, West Pacific. Taxon Teleostei (184 species). Methods We examined how the partitioning of habitats can influence the specialization of fish fauna along a latitudinal gradient. We diagnosed ‘specialist’ and ‘generalist’ fishes in this partitioning. For each specialist, we further evaluated whether its distribution is constrained by temperature, benthic habitat or both factors combined. The change in sea surface temperature over the last three decades was also monitored. Results Fish fauna showed the highest specialization when tropical and subtropical partitions of habitat were considered. Fifty‐one tropical specialists, 7 subtropical specialists and 21 possible generalists were identified. Among specialists, 13 species were associated with temperature, 19 with habitat and 26 with both factors. Steady warming occurred across latitudes, but was accentuated in the winter of subtropical habitat. Main Conclusions Our results suggested that the distribution of some specialist fishes was constrained only by temperature while the distribution of some others also depended on the availability of benthic habitats. Consequently, under global warming, the distribution of some specialists might shift in a manner that follows the movement of isotherms, while the distribution of others might also be conditioned by the poleward shifts of benthos. A temporal mismatch between the emergence of suitable thermal environments and the arrival of some specialists may exist. Therefore, the tropicalization of high‐latitude areas may be characterized by different waves of colonization.

Regional reef fish assemblage maps provide baseline biogeography for tropicalization monitoring

“…Determining reef fish tropicalization of subtropical and temperate reef systems is challenging because many species’ ranges are latitudinally expansive 29 , 30 , their distributions are correlated with depth 31 , they temporally shift with the movement of isotherms 32 , and a myriad of dynamic density-dependent factors affect their occurrence and density (e.g., competition, predation, recruitment) 33 . These factors vary along latitudinal gradients and have long been identified as zoogeographic indicators for the large-scale distribution and diversity of many coral reef fishes 14 , 30 , 34 – 43 . Ecotones form along these gradients where faunal latitudinal ranges overlap in transition zones between biogeographic provinces 32 , 44 – 46 .…”

Is the variability of butterflyfish species domination driven by its habitat conditions?

“…Among two types of reef fish e.g., specialist and generalist, wherein some fish with a specialist type has distributions were constrained by temperature, and the benthic habitat availability limited others. Variations in benthic habitats and temperature might describe these environmental changes and could drive the fish responses [2], the temperature change has also affected the fish by increasing their metabolite and growth [3]. Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) are closely related to coral reefs, and some fish rely on live coral.…”

Regional reef fish assemblage maps provide baseline biogeography for tropicalization monitoring.

“…Regional categorization of assemblages is valuable at multiple scales to better comprehend the processes of evolution, extinction and biodiversity 9, where a combination of abiotic variables (e.g., temperature, depth, topographic complexity) and ecological processes (e.g., recruitment, competition, food availability, predation) help determine distributions and relative abundance [10][11][12][13][14] . These factors vary along latitudinal gradients and have long been identi ed as zoogeographic indicators for the large-scale distribution and diversity of many marine organisms, including coral reef shes [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . Ecotones form along these gradients where faunal latitudinal ranges overlap in transition zones between biogeographic provinces [27][28][29][30] .…”