Habitat characteristics or protected area size: What is more important for the composition and diversity of mammals in nonprotected areas?

Li, Wenbo; Yang, Peipei; Li, Bowen; Liu, Chao; Sun, Lixing; Li, Jinhua

doi:10.1002/ece3.7540

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…and the highest elevation of approximately 1300 m a.s.l. The study area consists of several mountains, including Maota, Donggualing, Tianhu, Sukeng, Hongjialing, Huangtanling, and some non-named mountains in the eastern part of the Huangshan Mountains [ 26 ]. Huangshan mountains are full of ravines, and the shady and sunny cliffs are subject to a large difference in solar radiation intensity, whereas the local terrain has the greatest influence on its climate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The camera’s height was 0.4–0.5 m above the ground, and the camera was adjusted according to the terrain so that the lens was parallel to the ground. The shooting mode was 24 h continuous operation, and the shortest interval between two photos was 0.8 s; a 15 s video was obtained after each trigger [ 26 ]. The infrared camera can quickly send the images to our mobile phones to quickly find the monkeys.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Change in Activity Rhythms and Time Budgets of Tibetan Macaques

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

Biology

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Activity rhythms and time budgets are important to understand behavioral variability and adaptation in primates because animals normally use a behavioral adjustment as a preferential choice in response to environmental changes. Therefore, we observed a group of un-provisioned Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in Tianhu Mountain County Nature Reserve, Mount Huangshan, Southern Anhui, China. We used the instantaneous scan sampling method to collect behavioral data on their activity rhythms and time budget. The results showed that Tibetan macaques have two foraging peaks (9:00–10:00 and 14:00–15:00) and a resting peak at 12:00–13:00. They spent 31.96% resting, 28.59% foraging, 26.96% moving, 6.90% grooming, and 5.59% other. The total time of foraging and moving per month significantly and positively correlated with fruits and buds and negatively correlated with leaves. Different sexes and age groups demonstrated different activity time budgets, with adult males, adult females, and young macaques spending most of their time resting, grooming, and playing, respectively. We elucidated the effects of different environmental conditions on Tibetan macaques and their behavioral adaptation strategies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Change in Activity Rhythms and Time Budgets of Tibetan Macaques

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

Biology

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“…This method allowed a larger-scale prediction of potential macaque distribution areas beyond the sampling areas with high predictive accuracy [ 15 , 34 , 37 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. The selection of prediction variables is based on previous studies of primate habitat suitability [ 37 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It stimulated much socio-economic and sustainable development activity. In addition, it is also a global biodiversity hotspot and one of China’s 32 inland biodiversity priority protection areas [ 39 ]. The area contains 2385 plants and 417 vertebrate species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotourism Disturbance on an Endemic Endangered Primate in the Huangshan Man and the Biosphere Reserve of China: A Way to Move Forward

Yang

Xia

et al. 2022

Biology

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The primary purpose of the Man and the Biosphere Program is the sustainable development of both the economy and nature conservation activities. Although the effectiveness of eco-tourism to reach this goal has been proposed, due to the lack of long-term monitoring data and a model species, there has been no obvious mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. This study explored the effectiveness of the sustainable development policy of HMBR based on 30 years data of monitoring the Tibetan macaque, local human population, visitors, and annual ecotourism income in Huangshan by estimating species habitat suitability and the impact of ecotourism. The results showed increases in the income for the local human population, the number of visitors, and annual eco-tourism. Simultaneously, the reserve’s Tibetan macaque population size and suitable habitat areas increased. The macaques expanded their habitat to the low-altitude buffer zone (400–800 m), an area with lower eco-tourism disturbance. Scenic spots had a significant negative impact on habitat suitability (the substantially increased contributions of scenic spots from 0.71% to 32.88%). Our results and methods provide a suitable evaluation framework for monitoring the sustainable development and effectiveness of eco-tourism and wildlife conservation in Man and the Biosphere reserves.

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“…The total annual rainfall is 2639.4 mm, and the average annual temperature is 15.5°C, with a maximum of 38.1°C and a minimum of −13.1°C. Following Li et al ( 2021 ), the four seasons were defined according to the monthly average temperature. An average temperature greater than 22°C is classified as summer (June–September), <10°C as winter (December–February), and 10–22°C as spring (March–May) and autumn (October–November) (Li et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse diets and low‐fiber, low‐tannin foraging preferences: Foraging criteria of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at low altitude in Huangshan

Liu

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Nutrient composition and food availability determine food choices and foraging strategies of animals, while altitude and geographical location affect species distribution and food availability. Tibetan macaques ( Macaca thibetana ) have sophisticated foraging strategies as the largest species in Macaca . They are important in understanding the ecological evolution of the entire genus. However, the mechanism of food selection in Tibetan macaques at low altitudes remains unclear. In this study, we researched a wild Tibetan macaques group (Tianhu Mountain Group, 29 individuals) living in a low‐altitude area around Mt. Huangshan, Anhui Province, China. We used instantaneous scan sampling to observe these macaques' foraging behavior from September 2020 to August 2021. We recorded the dietary composition and food availability, compared the nutrient content of staple food and non‐food items, and analyzed the role of key nutrients in food selection. We found that Tibetan macaques forage on 111 plants belonging to 93 genera and 55 families. The food types included fruits (52.5%), mature leaves (17.0%), bamboo shoots (14.4%), young leaves (6.3%), flowers (4.5%), others (2.1%), stems (1.9%), and tender shoots (1.3%). Tibetan macaques forage for a maximum of 76 plant species during spring. However, dietary diversity was highest during summer ( H′ = 3.052). Monthly fruit consumption was positively correlated with food availability. Staple foods are lower in fiber, tannin, and water than non‐foods. In addition, the time spent foraging for specific foods was negatively correlated with the fiber and tannin content of the food. The results showed that Tibetan macaques' foraging plant species and food types were diverse, and their foraging strategies varied seasonally. Our findings confirmed the effect of nutrients on food choice in Tibetan macaques. We highlighted the important role of fiber and tannin in their food choices and suggested that the foraging behavior of Tibetan macaques is highly flexible and adaptive.

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Habitat characteristics or protected area size: What is more important for the composition and diversity of mammals in nonprotected areas?

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 12 publications

References 78 publications

Seasonal Change in Activity Rhythms and Time Budgets of Tibetan Macaques

Seasonal Change in Activity Rhythms and Time Budgets of Tibetan Macaques

Ecotourism Disturbance on an Endemic Endangered Primate in the Huangshan Man and the Biosphere Reserve of China: A Way to Move Forward

Diverse diets and low‐fiber, low‐tannin foraging preferences: Foraging criteria of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at low altitude in Huangshan

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