Habitat requirements of Atlantic salmon and brown trout in rivers and streams

Armstrong, J. D.; Kemp, Paul S.; Kennedy, G. J. A.; Ladle, M.; Milner, Nigel

doi:10.1016/s0165-7836(02)00160-1

Cited by 506 publications

(567 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…The higher values of density are predicted for habitat with high percentage of fine substrate and shallow water (Fig. 2C), as also reported by Armstrong et al (2003). The more suitable mesohabitat for fry brown trout were shallow pools followed, in order, by riffles, deep pools and runs.…”

Section: Habitat Suitability Modelssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The relationships among the density of brown trout and environmental variables have been deeply studied in freshwater ecosystems (Armstrong et al, 2003;Ayllón et al, 2009;Vismara et al, 2001;Winkle et al, 1998). Macroinvertebrates are rarely used in habitat-based methods because of the high heterogeneity of the density response along environmental gradients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optimal flow for brown trout: Habitat – prey optimization

Fornaroli

Cabrini

Sartori

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: Habitat Suitability Modelssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal flow for brown trout: Habitat – prey optimization

Fornaroli

Cabrini

Sartori

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Spawning fish can move gravel with a maximum gravel diameter of 10% of the fish's body length (Kondolf 2000). Moreover, egg burial depth for trout is also dependent on female size and average 15 cm (0.3-0.4 body length; Armstrong et al 2003). After deposition and fertilisation, eggs are covered with gravel from upstream digging during further spawning activity.…”

Section: Habitat Requirements Of Gravel-spawning Brown Troutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries—a review

Scheurer

Alewell

Bänninger

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Catch decline of freshwater fish has been recorded in several countries. Among the possible causes, habitat change is discussed. This article focuses on potentially increased levels of fine sediments going to rivers and their effects on gravel-spawning brown trout. Indications of increased erosion rates are evident from land-use change in agriculture, changes in forest management practices, and from climate change. The latter induces an increase in air and river water temperatures, reduction in permafrost, changes in snow dynamics and an increase in heavy rain events. As a result, an increase in river sediment is likely. Suspended sediment may affect fish health and behaviour directly. Furthermore, sediment loads may clog gravel beds impeding fish such as brown trout from spawning and reducing recruitment rates. To assess the potential impact on fine sediments, knowledge of brown trout reproductive needs and the effects of sediment on brown trout health were evaluated. Approach We critically reviewed the literature and included results from ongoing studies to answer the following questions, focusing on recent decades and rivers in alpine countries.-Have climate change and land-use change increased erosion and sediment loads in rivers? -Do we have indications of an increase in riverbed clogging?-Are there indications of direct or indirect effects on brown trout from increased suspended sediment concentrations in rivers or from an increase in riverbed clogging?Results Rising air temperatures have led to more intensive precipitation in winter months, earlier snow melt in spring, and rising snow lines and hence to increased erosion. Intensification of land use has supported erosion in lowland and prealpine areas in the second half of the twentieth century. In the Alps, however, reforestation of abandoned land at high altitudes might reduce the erosion risk while intensification on the lower, more easily accessible slopes increases erosion risk. Data from laboratory experiments show that suspended sediments affect the health and behaviour of fish when available in high amounts. Point measurements in large rivers indicate no common lethal threat and suspended sediment is rarely measured continuously in small rivers. However, effects on fish can be expected under environmentally relevant conditions. River bed clogging impairs the reproductive performance of gravel-spawning fish. Discussion Overall, higher erosion and increased levels of fine sediment going into rivers are expected in future. Additionally, sediment loads in rivers are suspected to have considerably impaired gravel bed structure and brown trout spawning is impeded. Timing of discharge is put forward and is now more likely to affect brown trout spawning than in previous decades. Conclusions Reports on riverbed clogging from changes in erosion and fine sediment deposition patterns, caused by climate change and land-use change are rare. This review identifies both a risk of increases in climate erosive forces and fine sedi...

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“…Critical flows for migration on the River Exe (southwest England) increased upstream both as percentage of Q 95 and actual flow, suggesting greater protection of flows may be required to stimulate and enable fish migration in upstream reaches than downstream reaches (Sambrook & Cowx, 2000). A primary requirement for salmonid spawning is sufficient areal extent of suitable habitat (Elder, 1965;Fraser, 1972;Crisp, 1996) and flows sufficient to keep gravel free from fines (Sambrook & Gilkes, 1994); thus salmonids have threshold levels of depth and velocity (Armstrong et al, 2003). During incubation salmon eggs must be submerged and well oxygenated by water percolating through the gravels (DoE, 1977;Crisp, 1996).…”

Section: Recommendations From Fish Ecologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing environmental standards for abstractions from UK rivers to implement the EU Water Framework Directive / Développement de standards environnementaux sur les prélèvements d'eau en rivière au Royaume Uni pour la mise en œuvre de la directive cadre sur l'eau de l'Union Européenne

Acreman

Dunbar

Hannaford

et al. 2008

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Under the European Union Water Framework Directive, Member States must put in place a river basin planning framework to determine what measures are necessary to maintain and improve the ecological status for all surface water bodies. The governmental organisations legally responsible for implementing the Directive in the UK have recognised that an appropriate river flow regime is fundamental to maintain a healthy river and, as a result, they need to regulate abstractions and effluent discharges and ensure sufficient water is released from impoundments. This paper reports on the process of producing environmental standards that define the maximum abstraction allowable from UK rivers, to leave sufficient flow to maintain a healthy river ecosystem. As there are currently insufficient data available to determine the relationships between river flow and ecological status empirically, expert knowledge was captured through a series of workshops at which leading UK freshwater scientists defined maximum levels of river flow regime alteration that would achieve ecological objectives for different river water body types. For the least ecologically sensitive rivers, maximum abstractions in the range 15-35% of the natural flow were proposed, depending on the flow magnitude and time of year. For the most sensitive rivers, the maximum abstraction proposed was in the range 7.5-25%. The knowledge was used by the responsible UK authorities to develop environmental standards. The authorities subsequently used the environmental standards to determine regulatory standards that could be implemented within practical constraints and current licensing policies.Key words Water Framework Directive; environmental standards; abstraction management; rivers; expert panel; environmental flows; ecohydrology; hydro-ecology Développement de standards environnementaux sur les prélèvements d'eau en rivière au Royaume Uni pour la mise en oeuvre de la directive cadre sur l'eau de l'Union Européenne Résumé La directive cadre sur l'eau de l'Union Européenne impose aux Etats membres de mettre en place un cadre de gestion des bassins versants afin de déterminer les mesures nécessaires au maintien et à l'amélioration de l'état écologique des eaux de surface. Les organismes gouvernementaux légalement responsables de la mise en oeuvre de la directive au Royaume Uni ont reconnu qu'un régime hydrologique approprié est fondamental pour la bonne santé d'une rivière et que, en conséquence, ils doivent réglementer les prélèvements et les rejets et assurer un débit suffisant en sortie des retenues. Cet article porte sur le processus de production de standards environnementaux définissant les prélèvements maximaux possibles dans les rivières britanniques en vue du maintien de la bonne santé des écosystèmes de cours d'eau. Etant donnée l'insuffisance des données disponibles pour déterminer empiriquement une relation entre débit de rivière et état écologique, la connaissance experte a été capturée à travers une série d'ateliers lors desquels les principaux s...

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Habitat requirements of Atlantic salmon and brown trout in rivers and streams

Cited by 506 publications

References 119 publications

Optimal flow for brown trout: Habitat – prey optimization

Optimal flow for brown trout: Habitat – prey optimization

Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries—a review

Developing environmental standards for abstractions from UK rivers to implement the EU Water Framework Directive / Développement de standards environnementaux sur les prélèvements d'eau en rivière au Royaume Uni pour la mise en œuvre de la directive cadre sur l'eau de l'Union Européenne

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