Habituation and Dishabituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in
            <i>Aplysia</i>

Pinsker, H. M.; Kupfermann, Irving; Castellucci, Vincent F.; Kandel, E. R.

doi:10.1126/science.167.3926.1740

Cited by 412 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The gill-withdrawal reflex studied in Aplysia is a classic example of the habituation (desensitization) of reflex in response to repeated non-noxious stimuli [6][7][8]. Intuitively, this adaptation corresponds to the interpretation that since the sea slug is constantly bombarded with stimuli from sea waves, those harmless stimuli can be ignored if they do not represent potential threats to the animal.…”

Section: Gill-withdrawal Reflex As An Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

EMOTION-I Model: A Biologically-Based Theoretical Framework for Deriving Emotional Context of Sensation in Autonomous Control Systems

Tam

2007

TOCSJ

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A theoretical model for deriving the origin of emotional functions from first principles is introduced. The model, called "Emotional Model Of the Theoretical Interpretations Of Neuroprocessing", abbreviated as the "EMO-TION", derives how emotional context can be evolved from innate responses. It is based on a biological framework for autonomous systems with minimal assumptions on the system or what emotion is. The first phase of the model (EMO-TION-I) addresses the progressive abstraction of the sensory input signals within relevant context of the environment to produce the appropriate output actions for survival. It uses a probabilistic feedforward and feedback neural network with multiple adaptable gains, self-adaptive learning rate and modifiable connection weights to produce a self-organizing, selfadaptive system incorporating associative reinforcement learning rules for conditioning and fixation of circuitry into hardwire to form innate responses such that contextual feel of sensation is evolved as an emergent property known as emotional feel.

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Section: Gill-withdrawal Reflex As An Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

EMOTION-I Model: A Biologically-Based Theoretical Framework for Deriving Emotional Context of Sensation in Autonomous Control Systems

Tam

2007

TOCSJ

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“…It should be possible to answer this question by comparing the neural mechanisms of the different forms of learning, ideally in the same preparation. The gill-and siphon-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia has been useful for such studies, because it exhibits several forms of learning including habituation, dishabituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning (Pinsker et al, 1970;Carew et al, 1971Carew et al, , 1981, and it is amenable to cellular analysis. Studies of the cellular mechanisms of learning in Aplysia have revealed both similarities and differences between the mechanisms contributing to dishabituation and sensitization (Carew et al, 1971;Wright et al, 1991;Cohen et al, 1997;Antonov et al, 1999) and also between those contributing to sensitization and classical conditioning (Hawkins et al, 1993;Antonov et al, 2001Antonov et al, , 2003Li et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operant Conditioning of Gill Withdrawal inAplysia

2006

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A basic question in neuroscience is how different forms of learning are related. To further address that question, we examined whether gill withdrawal in Aplysia, which has already been studied extensively for neuronal mechanisms contributing to habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning, also undergoes operant conditioning. Animals were run in pairs. During the initial training period, the contingent (experimental) animal received a siphon shock each time its gill relaxed below a criterion level, and the yoked control animal received a shock whenever the experimental animal did, regardless of its own gill position. This was followed by an extinction period when there was no shock, a retraining period when both animals were contingent, and another extinction period. The experimental animals spent more time with their gills contracted above the criterion level than did the control animals during each period, demonstrating operant conditioning. The type of gill behavior modified by learning shifted over time: the experimental animals had a larger increase in the frequency and duration of spontaneous contractions than did the control animals during the first but not the last extinction period and a larger increase in the level of tonic contraction during the last but not the first extinction period. Because many of the neurons controlling spontaneous and tonic gill withdrawal have already been identified, it should now be possible to examine the cellular locus and mechanism of operant conditioning and compare them with those for other forms of learning of the same behavior.

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“…After locating the neurons and synapses involved in a simple conditioned reflex, the gill withdrawal reflex (Pinsker et al, 1970), the Kandel group was able to extend the Aplysia work to learning and succeeded, over a number of years, in mapping out the detailed synaptic events of learning and memory at the molecular level. Significantly, the results obtained on Aplysia have been found to carry over to higher animals remarkably well (Kandel et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory: the ID molecule theory

Legéndy

2016

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractIt is generally assumed at the time of this writing that memories are stored in the form of synaptic weights. However, it is now also clear that the synapses are not permanent; in fact, synaptic patterns undergo significant change in a matter of hours. This means that to implement the long survival of distant memories (for several decades in humans), the brain must possess a molecular backup mechanism in some form, complete with provisions for the storage and retrieval of information. It is found below that the memory-supporting molecules need not contain a detailed description of mental entities, as had been envisioned in the ‘memory molecule papers’ from 50 years ago, they only need to contain unique identifiers of various entities, and that this can be achieved using relatively small molecules, using a random code (‘ID molecules’). In this paper, the logistics of information flow are followed through the steps of storage and retrieval, and the conclusion reached is that the ID molecules, by carrying a sufficient amount of information (entropy), can effectively control the recreation of complex multineuronal patterns. In illustrations, it is described how ID molecules can be made to revive a selected cell assembly by waking up its synapses and how they cause a selected cell assembly to ignite by sending slow inward currents into its cells. The arrangement involves producing multiple copies of the ID molecules and distributing them at strategic locations at selected sets of synapses, then reaching them through small noncoding RNA molecules. This requires the quick creation of entropy-rich messengers and matching receptors, and it suggests that these are created from each other by small-scale transcription and reverse transcription.

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Habituation and Dishabituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia

Cited by 412 publications

References 10 publications

EMOTION-I Model: A Biologically-Based Theoretical Framework for Deriving Emotional Context of Sensation in Autonomous Control Systems

EMOTION-I Model: A Biologically-Based Theoretical Framework for Deriving Emotional Context of Sensation in Autonomous Control Systems

Operant Conditioning of Gill Withdrawal inAplysia

Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory: the ID molecule theory

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