Habituation and Sensitization of the Acoustic Startle Response in Rats: Amplitude, Threshold, and Latency Measures

Pilz, P.; Schnitzler, Hans‐Ulrich

doi:10.1006/nlme.1996.0044

Cited by 111 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…The deimatic display is usually observed in experiments involving visual stimuli (Langridge, 2009;Mather, 2010;Staudinger et al, 2011); it is considered a threat (or startle) display to deter potential predators (Staudinger et al, 2013) and is defined by a flattened body shape, paling of the skin, the presence of paired, dark mantle spots, a dark fin line, dark eye rings and a dilation of the pupil (Hanlon and Messenger, 1988;Hanlon and Messenger, 1996). The startle response has been described for several taxa, mostly vertebrates and insects (Hoy et al, 1989;Pilz and Schnitzler, 1996;Koch, 1999;Kastelein et al, 2008) and is provoked by an intense and unexpected stimulus, has a short delay, and involves a fast motor response including escape responses and subtler movement such as eye blinks (Hoy et al, 1989;Koch, 1999;Götz and Janik, 2011). Based on these descriptions of the startle response, we defined one of the responses in S. officinalis as a startle response.…”

Section: Scoring Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Samson

Mooney

Gussekloo

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Sound is a widely available and vital cue in aquatic environments, yet most bioacoustic research has focused on marine vertebrates, leaving sound detection in invertebrates poorly understood. Cephalopods are an ecologically key taxon that likely use sound and may be impacted by increasing anthropogenic ocean noise, but little is known regarding their behavioral responses or adaptations to sound stimuli. These experiments identify the acoustic range and levels that elicit a wide range of secondary defense behaviors such as inking, jetting and rapid coloration change. Secondarily, it was found that cuttlefish habituate to certain sound stimuli. The present study examined the behavioral responses of 22 cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) to pure-tone pips ranging from 80 to 1000 Hz with sound pressure levels of 85-188 dB re. 1 μPa rms and particle accelerations of 0-17.1 m s −2 . Cuttlefish escape responses (inking, jetting) were observed between frequencies of 80 and 300 Hz and at sound levels above 140 dB re. 1 μPa rms and 0.01 m s −2 (0.74 m s −2 for inking responses). Body patterning changes and fin movements were observed at all frequencies and sound levels. Response intensity was dependent upon stimulus amplitude and frequency, suggesting that cuttlefish also possess loudness perception with a maximum sensitivity around 150 Hz. Cuttlefish habituated to repeated 200 Hz tone pips, at two sound intensities. Total response inhibition was not reached, however, and a basal response remained present in most animals. The graded responses provide a loudness sensitivity curve and suggest an ecological function for sound use in cephalopods.

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Section: Scoring Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Samson

Mooney

Gussekloo

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Enhancement of the effect of the prepulse over the course of the initial trials of a PPI test could result from an enhanced attention paid to it, for example as a result of a conditioned association between prepulse and pulse (Crofton et al 1990;Flaten and Hugdahl 1990). Alternately, habituation to the pulse has been much studied using the startle reflex (Piltz and Schnitzler 1996;Sanford et al 1992). If the observed decline in startle in the PPI condition resulted from habituation, it should share its properties with those of habituation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between PPI and baseline startle response

Sandner¹,

Canal²

2006

Cogn Neurodyn

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Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response to a sudden noise is the reduction in startle observed when the noise is preceded shortly by a mild sensory event, which is often a tone. A part of the literature is based on the assumption that PPI is independent of the baseline startle. A simple model is presented and experimental validation provided. The model is based on the commonly accepted observation that the neuronal circuit of PPI differs from that of startle. But, by using a common output, the measures of both phenomena become linked to each other. But, how can we interpret the numerous experimental data showing PPI to be independent of the startle level? It is suggested that in a number of such cases the baseline startle would have been stabilized by a ceiling effect in the startle/PPI neuronal networks. Reducing the startle level, for example in a PPI evaluation procedure, may disclose properties of startle masked by this ceiling effect. Disclosure of habituation to the startle eliciting noise produced an increase of PPI along its initial measurements. Taken together, even if the neuronal process that sustains startle and PPI are distinct, separating them experimentally requires careful parametric methods and caution in the interpretation of the corresponding observations.

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“…This line was extrapolated to zero amplitude (0 mV). The resulting SPL was taken as the startle threshold (Pilz & Schnitzler 1996). This method has the advantage that it is not necessary to introduce an arbitrary threshold criterion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Habituation means a decrease in strength of a behavioral response by repetitive presentation of a stimulus (Pilz & Schnitzler 1996). Sensitization produces an increase in response strength evoked by a strong, aversive stimulus (Davis 1989;Pilz & Schnitzler 1996;Plappert et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We tested habituation of the SR by repetitive presentation of acoustic and tactile startle stimuli, and sensitization of the acoustic SR elicited by electric footshocks in NCAM null mice and their wildtype littermates. Whereas habituation of the SR is a form of non-associative learning, intrinsic to the startle pathway (Davis et al 1982;Pilz et al 2004;Pilz & Schnitzler 1996), footshock sensitization is a form of associative learning during which a rapid contextual fear conditioning takes place (Richardson & Elsayed 1998). Footshock sensitization is mediated by a pathway extrinsic to the startle pathway (Koch 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM^–/–) null mice show impaired sensitization of the startle response

Plappert

Schachner²,

Pilz

2005

Genes Brain and Behavior

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The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays important roles in development of the nervous system and in synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the adult. The present study sought to further investigate the role of NCAM in learning by testing habituation and footshock sensitization learning of the startle response (SR) in NCAM null mutant (NCAM -/-) and wildtype littermate (NCAM +/+ ) mice.Whereas habituation is a form of non-associative learning, footshock sensitization is induced by rapid contextual fear conditioning. Habituation was tested by repetitive presentation of acoustic and tactile startle stimuli. Although NCAM -/-mice showed differences in sensitivity in both stimulus modalities, habituation learning was intact in NCAM -/-mice, suggesting that NCAM does not play a role in the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in the startle pathway. Footshock sensitization was elicited by presentation of electric footshocks between two series of acoustic stimuli. In contrast to habituation, footshock sensitization learning was attenuated in NCAM -/-mice:the acoustic SR increase after the footshocks was lower in the mutant than in wildtype mice, indicating that NCAM plays an important role in the relevant brain areas, such as amygdala and/or the hippocampus.

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Habituation and Sensitization of the Acoustic Startle Response in Rats: Amplitude, Threshold, and Latency Measures

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Relationship between PPI and baseline startle response

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM^–/–) null mice show impaired sensitization of the startle response

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Habituation and Sensitization of the Acoustic Startle Response in Rats: Amplitude, Threshold, and Latency Measures

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Graded behavioral responses and habituation to sound in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis

Relationship between PPI and baseline startle response

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM –/– ) null mice show impaired sensitization of the startle response

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Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM^–/–) null mice show impaired sensitization of the startle response