Habituation may contribute to within-session decreases in responding under high-rate schedules of reinforcement

Aoyama, Kenjiro; McSweeney, Frances K.

doi:10.3758/bf03192817

Cited by 30 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Within-session changes in responding under constant conditions have been reported widely for operant procedures (e.g., Aoyama & McSweeney, 2001;McSweeney & Roll, 1993). For the rabbit NM preparation, however, within-session decreases under constant reinforcement have been observed only occasionally (Tait, Kehoe, & Gormezano, 1983), and certainly not commonly (e.g., Macrae & Kehoe, 1999;Napier et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Kehoe

White

2002

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The mechanisms of extinction were examined by reducing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) after acquisition training to determine whether such reductions lie on a continuum with CS-alone extinction. The experiments revealed that reductions in US intensity yielded extinction-like effects. Specifically, there were proportional reductions in the daily mean level of responding across sessions. There were also persistent within-session declines and between-session increases of responding analogous to spontaneous recovery. Surprisingly, even when US intensity was held constant, within-session declines and between-session increases were apparent. The results are discussed with respect to possible contributions from unlearning, new learning, generalization decrement, and nonassociative loss, especially CS-specific attentional changes and CR-specific reactive inhibition. EXTINCTION AND US INTENSITY 97the conditioned response (CR) with a 4-mA shock US, each of four groups was presented with a lower US intensity. In addition to CS-alone extinction (no US), three reduced US intensities were used: 0.5, 1, and 2 mA. The latter two values are known to produce reliable CR acquisition in the rabbit nictitating membrane (NM) preparation (Napier, Macrae, & Kehoe, 1992;Smith, 1968). Method

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Kehoe

White

2002

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Figure 2 presents an example of dishabituation taken from Aoyama and McSweeney (2001b;see also McSweeney & Roll, 1998). During baseline, rats pressed a lever for a reinforcer of one food pellet delivered according to a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule in a 45-min session.…”

Section: Separating Satiation and Habituationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in reinforcer effectiveness: Satiation and habituation have different implications for theory and practice

McSweeney

2004

BEHAV ANALYST

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Reinforcers lose their effectiveness when they are presented repeatedly. Early researchers labeled this loss of effectiveness as satiation without conducting an experimental analysis. When such an analysis is conducted, habituation provides a more precise and empirically accurate label for the changes in reinforcer effectiveness. This paper reviews some of the data that suggest that habituation occurs to repeatedly presented reinforcers. It also argues that habituation has surprisingly different implications than satiation for theory and practice in behavior analysis. For example, postulating that habituation occurs to repeatedly presented reinforcers suggests ways for maintaining the strength of an existing reinforcer and for weakening the strength of a problematic reinforcer that differ from those implied by an account in terms of satiation. An habituation account may also lead to different ways of conceptualizing the regulation of behavior. For example, habituation may be a singleprocess contributor to the termination of behaviors that are usually attributed to satiation (e.g., ingestive behaviors such as eating and drinking), fatigue (e.g., energetic behaviors such as running), the waning of attention (e.g., cognitive behaviors such as studying), and pharmacodynamic factors (e.g., drug taking).

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“…This parameter represents the cumulative number of reinforcer deliveries that will reduce the response rate to zero. Although it has been repeatedly demonstrated that Equation 1 can describe responding for primary reinforcers (e.g., Aoyama, 2007; 2012; Aoyama & McSweeney, 2001), Equation 1 has never been applied to responding for secondary reinforcers. Thus, in this study, Equation 1 was applied to the within-session responding for the cue previously associated with saccharin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incubation of saccharin craving and within-session changes in responding for a cue previously associated with saccharin

Aoyama¹,

Barnes²,

Grimm³

2014

Appetite

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Time-dependent increases in cue-induced sucrose seeking after forced abstinence have been described in rats with a history of sucrose self-administration, suggesting sucrose craving “incubates”. In the present study, we examined whether the incubation of craving generalizes to the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Thirty-one male Long-Evans rats lever pressed for 0.3% saccharin solution 1 h/day for 10 days. On either Day 1 or 30 of forced abstinence, rats responded for 1 h for presentation of a tone + light cue previously presented with every saccharin delivery during self-administration training. Rats responded more during this cue-reactivity test session following 30 vs. 1 day of forced abstinence (“incubation of craving”). This result is the first demonstration of the “incubation of saccharin craving” and suggests that a post-ingestive caloric consequence of self-administration is not a necessary condition for the development of incubation of sucrose craving. We also examined the time course (within-session decreases) of active-lever responding during the 1-h cue-reactivity test session. Rats in the Day 30 group responded more than rats in the Day 1 group from the beginning of the test session. In addition, within-session decreases in responding were shallower in slope in the Day 30 than the Day 1 group. These results indicate that “incubation of saccharin craving” enhances the persistence of seeking behavior.

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Habituation may contribute to within-session decreases in responding under high-rate schedules of reinforcement

Cited by 30 publications

References 43 publications

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Extinction revisited: Similarities between extinction and reductions in US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Dynamic changes in reinforcer effectiveness: Satiation and habituation have different implications for theory and practice

Incubation of saccharin craving and within-session changes in responding for a cue previously associated with saccharin

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