Habuba Kebira ou la naissance de l'urbanisme.

Vallet, Régis

doi:10.3406/paleo.1996.4636

Cited by 32 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…228-229). The other major colonies on the Euphrates at Habuba Kabira (Vallet 1996) and Jebel Aruda (Vallet 1998;van Driel 2002) are also mostly unmounded. Traditional Near Eastern survey techniques are highly focused on mounded sites and would therefore be likely to miss such places (Wilkinson 2000a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC

2010

J Archaeol Res

198

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Abstract:The intensification of fieldwork in northern Mesopotamia, the upper region of the TigrisEuphrates basin, has revealed two cycles of expansion and reduction in social complexity between 4400-2000 BC. These cycles include developments in social inequality, political centralization, craft production and economic specialization, agropastoral land use, and urbanization. Contrary to earlier assessments, many of these developments proceeded independently from the polities in southern Mesopotamia, although not in isolation. This review considers recent data from excavations and surveys in northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey with particular attention to how they are used to construct models of early urban polities.Key words: Mesopotamia, complex society, urbanism, collapse 1 IntroductionOver a span of more than two millennia, northern Mesopotamia witnessed the emergence of urban complex society, its collapse and rebirth, and a further episode of collapse. This time span (ca. 4400-2000 BC) has been intensively studied by archaeologists over the last two decades, largely because of twin push (the closure of Iraq to foreign archaeology) and pull (salvage campaigns in advance of dam projects) forces. As a result, what was once considered to be the periphery of early urbanism and state formation in southern Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) has emerged as a region of interest in its own right. In many ways we now have a superior understanding of major social developments in the north (e.g., urbanism, craft production, agricultural and pastoral organization, the development of the landscape) than we do for the south, and improvements in chronology have revealed that many aspects of social complexity that were once assumed to have been imported from southern Mesopotamia have earlier and entirely indigenous origins.This review describes the development of social complexity from 4400 BC to the collapse of urban society at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in northern (or upper) Mesopotamia, defined here as the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys and the plains and steppe between them that fall today in northern Iraq, northern Syria, and southeastern Turkey (Fig. 1).Much archaeological research in the region, and in the Near East in general, adopts a culture historical approach that emphasizes typology and the development of sequences of material culture; here the emphasis is on anthropologically oriented research published since 1990.Geographically, the focus is on the river valleys and alluvial plains of Syria, and particularly the Upper Khabur basin of Hassake province. Occasionally I refer to sites beyond northern Mesopotamia proper when they are relevant to the discussion, particularly the western Syrian 2 cities of Ebla and Umm al-Marra; the important Syrian city of Mari, on the Euphrates near the Iraqi border, is largely southern Mesopotamian in orientation and will be not be discussed (although see Margueron 2004).In Mesopotamian archaeology generally, social complexity is described throug...

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confidence: 99%

Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC

2010

J Archaeol Res

198

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“…Archaeological research has shown that sewer systems made of gullies, channels and surface or underground pipes intended for the evacuation of wastewater and stormwater, and arranged according to a coherent and coordinated overall plan, were built from the very beginning of the urbanisation process in Antiquity. The earliest found traces date back to 3500 BCE in the Indus valley, and 2500 BCE in the Mesopotamia valley and the Middle East (Ludwig, 1977;Viyogi, 1984;Vallet, 1997;Yon, 1997;Stordeur, 2000). The collection and disposal of urban water using novel and dedicated infrastructures can therefore be considered as a sign of the emergence and development of cities at the end of the Neolithic period.…”

Section: The Age Of Conventional Urban Sewer Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated urban stormwater management: Evolution and multidisciplinary perspective

Bertrand-Krajewski

2021

Journal of Hydro-environment Research

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This paper proposes an introductory review of the historical evolution of urban stormwater management, as well as of current trends, challenges, and changes of paradigm. It reminds us first that most of the existing urban stormwater infrastructures in developed cities are based on the modern urban sewer systems developed in the second half of the 19 th century in Europe. They have been built and for decades managed almost solely by urban sanitation and water specialists, relatively independently of other technical services and, more generally, of other stakeholders in cities. They contributed significantly to public health and fast conveyance of stormwater outside the cities. However, at the turn of the 1970s, it became evident with increasing urbanisation that they also had drawbacks: artificialisation of soils, reduction of aquifer recharge, pollution of surface water and ecological impacts, etc. The paper indicates how new concepts and paradigms thereafter emerged to manage stormwater by means of more sustainable and integrated approaches, aiming to solve the problems engendered by the previous approaches. This integration embraces more and more disciplines and issues, far beyond the traditional field of urban water engineers and specialists. The paper attempts to explain the need for this evolution, making urban stormwater management more much complex, dealing and interacting with ecology, biodiversity, bioinspiration, architecture, landscape and water values, citizens' well-being, history, culture, and socio-economic aspects.

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“…Southern Mesopotamia-the alluvial plains of southern Iraq from Baghdad to the Gulf-is persistently identified as the location of the world's earliest cities (Adams 2012;Nissen 1988Nissen , 2001Vallet 1997;van de Mieroop 1997;Yoffee 2015). Studies of the first Mesopotamian cities regularly focus on the site of Uruk, adjacent to the Euphrates River c. 250 km west-northwest of modern Basra (Algaze 2008;Crüsemann 2013;Liverani 2006;Modelski 2003;Nissen 2002).…”

Section: Mesopotamia South and Northmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Urbanism in Northern Mesopotamia

McMahon

2019

J Archaeol Res

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Cities generate challenges as well as confer advantages on their inhabitants. Recent excavations and surveys in northern Mesopotamia have revealed extensive settlements with diverse populations, institutions, extended hinterlands, and mass production by the early fourth millennium BC, comparable to well-known evidence for cities in their traditional homeland of southern Iraq. However, early northern Mesopotamian cities incorporated low-density zones and flexible uses of space not yet identified in southern Mesopotamia. Evidence for violent conflict in northern Mesopotamian cities also raises questions about urban sustainability; cities succeeded despite new sources of social stress.

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Habuba Kebira ou la naissance de l'urbanisme.

Cited by 32 publications

References 1 publication

Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC

Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC

Integrated urban stormwater management: Evolution and multidisciplinary perspective

Early Urbanism in Northern Mesopotamia

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