Haemoparasites of equines : impact on international trade of horses

Friedhoff, Karl Theodor; Tenter, Astrid M.; Müller, Irene

doi:10.20506/rst.9.4.535

Cited by 132 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an important tick-borne protozoan disease that poses a serious threat to the horse industry and has important implications for the international movement of horses (Friedhoff et al, 1990). The disease is caused by Babesia caballi and/or Theileria equi and is endemic in many tropical and subtropical areas (de Waal, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections

Butler

Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan

Stout

et al. 2012

The Veterinary Journal

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Equine piroplasmosis (EP) has not been considered indigenous in The Netherlands.However, following detection of an apparently indigenous subclinical Babesia caballi infection in a horse on Schouwen-Duiveland (an island in the Zeeland Province), a survey was undertaken between May and September 2010 to assess the prevalence of the causative agents of EP in the South West of The Netherlands. Blood samples from 300 randomly selected horses were tested for specific antibodies against Theileria equi and B. caballi using an indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and for parasite DNA using a specific polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse line blotting (PCR-RLB). 2Twelve of the horses (4%) were seropositive for EP. Of these, nine (75%) were positive (titre ≥1:160) for B. caballi alone and three (25%) were also positive for T. equi. PCR-RLB detected T. equi DNA in five horses (1.6%), two of which were seronegative. Four (1.3%) of the positive horses (three positive for T. equi and one for both B. caballi and T. equi) were considered truly indigenous.During the study, two indigenous ponies from a farm situated outside the sampling area were diagnosed with acute clinical piroplasmosis characterized by severe anaemia and pyrexia.Blood smears showed T. equi-like inclusions in red blood cells, and T. equi infection was confirmed in both ponies by PCR-RLB. The initial subclinical B. caballi infection, the survey results and the two acute clinical EP cases confirmed the autochthonous transmission of B.caballi and T. equi infections in The Netherlands.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections

Butler

Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan

Stout

et al. 2012

The Veterinary Journal

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“…It has caused important economic losses in the horse industry, being a serious threat to the horse raising industry and international movement of horses (FRIEDHOFF et al, 1990). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Theileria equi in horses raised in the Jaboticabal microregion, São Paulo State, Brazil

Baldani

Nakaghi

Machado

2010

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Blood and serum samples from 170 horses raised in the Jaboticabal microregion, São Paulo State, Brazil, were collected and tested by microscopic examination of blood smears, indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for Theileria equi infections. The association among the test results was verified by the McNemar test. During the examination of thin blood smears, parasites were detected in six (3.52%) horses. Anti-T. equi antibodies were detected in 100% sera samples, with titers ranging between 1:80 and 1:5120. The nPCR based on the T. equi merozoite antigen gene (EMA-1) allowed the visualization of specie-specific amplified product in 108 (63.53%) horses. All six samples judged positive microscopically were also positive for nPCR. Statistical analysis indicated general disagreement (p < 0.0001) between IFAT and nPCR; IFAT and blood smear; and nPCR and blood smear on the detection of parasite carriers. The results of the present study indicate that T. equi is widely spread among horses in the Jaboticabal microregion, Northeast region of São Paulo State, Brazil.

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“…Equine piroplasmosis, caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, is an important tick-borne protozoan disease (Friedhoff et al, 1990). The agents are endemic throughout the (sub)tropics and stringent regulatory import restrictions are in place in some countries to prevent their spread among both resident and transient equid populations (Friedhoff et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The agents are endemic throughout the (sub)tropics and stringent regulatory import restrictions are in place in some countries to prevent their spread among both resident and transient equid populations (Friedhoff et al, 1990). Equine piroplasmosis occurs in acute, sub-acute and chronic forms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated high dose imidocarb dipropionate treatment did not eliminate Babesia caballi from naturally infected horses as determined by PCR-reverse line blot hybridization

Butler

Nijhof

Kolk

et al. 2008

Veterinary Parasitology

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Imidocarb treatment of horses infected with Babesia caballi is supposed to eliminate the infection, but data on the efficacy of this treatment is scarce. The study presented here concerns four Paso Fino horses, which were imported into the island of Curacao on the basis of a piroplasmosis negative complement fixation test (CFT). Upon re-testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test immediately after arrival in Curacao, two horses appeared to have antibodies to B. caballi and all horses had antibodies to Theileria equi. Subsequent testing with polymerase chain reaction combined with a reverse line blot yielded positive results for both agents in all four horses. Treatment with five consecutive doses of imidocarb dipropionate (4.7 mg/kg BW im q 72 h), temporarily resulted in negative results, but B. caballi and T. equi were detected again in the samples taken at 6 and 18 weeks after completion of the treatment. These results confirm that the CFT is not a suitable test for pre-import testing and that even high dose treatment with imidocarb may not be capable of eliminating B. caballi and T. equi infections from healthy carriers. #

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Haemoparasites of equines : impact on international trade of horses

Cited by 132 publications

References 4 publications

Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections

Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections

Occurrence of Theileria equi in horses raised in the Jaboticabal microregion, São Paulo State, Brazil

Repeated high dose imidocarb dipropionate treatment did not eliminate Babesia caballi from naturally infected horses as determined by PCR-reverse line blot hybridization

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