Haemophilus influenzae and SARS-CoV-2: Is there a role for investigation?

Abstract

During the current pandemic of COVID-19, the authors observed that during screening test for SARS-CoV-2 targeting the E-gene by qRT-PCR, few nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples showed amplification signals at late cycle threshold (C T -value) > 35 despite being negative for other confirmatory target genes. Thirty such samples (taken as cases) showing detectable C T of > 35 cycle in E-gene which were negative for other target genes of SARS-CoV-2 and 30 samples with undetectable fluorescence in E-gene were taken as controls for investigation. An in-vitro diagnostic approved commercial qRT-PCR multiplex kit detecting 33 respiratory pathogens which can also detect Haemophilus influenzae was used for screening the samples. It was observed that out of the 30 samples showing detectable C T > 35 in E-gene, 11 samples were positive for Haemophilus influenzae whereas in the controls only three samples were positive for H. influenzae (p-value: 0.03) which was statistically significant. Further, the probes and primers were screened against H. influenzae for matches in the genome. It was observed that all primers and probes for the E-gene of SARS-CoV-2 had over 13 bp long sequences matching 100% with multiple sites across the H. influenzae genome. This qRT-PCR primer & probes are being used extensively across India, and laboratories using them should be aware of the cross-reactivity of primers & probes with the H. influenzae genome. Further, the authors observed that 95.9% (5415/5642) of COVID-19 positive cases detected in their laboratory were asymptomatic at the time of collection of samples. This warrants further investigations.

The potential impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health

“…Yet influenza-exposed eosinophils have been shown to stimulate CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation in vitro, indicating a potential role for eosinophils as antigen-presenting cells in influenza infection during asthma [ 88 ]. Therefore it might be suggested that the protection afforded to Th-2 phenotypes against severe outcomes is a result of prolonged eosinophilia and partial cell-mediated immunity conferred from previous infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae , common cold viruses or SARS, as proposed by Bokatory et al [ 93 ].…”