Haemopoietic System of the Anurans: The Role of Bone Marrow and Liver

Abstract

Haemopoietic System of the Anurans: the Role of Bone Marrow and Liver. Akulenko N. M. -The haemopoietic activity of the frog, Pelophylax ridibundus was investigated during the year. Liver and bone marrow myelograms were examined in the different seasons using the special indexes and coefficients. It was shown the presence of the erythroid and granulocytic differentiation during the year in the both organs. In the bone marrow is changing the total number of the non-diferentiated haemopoietic cells, but ratio between erythroid and granulocytic progenitors is stabile. The haemopoietic activity of the liver has more prominent season variation in comparison with the marrow, but their total significance is comparable. The erythrocytic differentiation is more prominent during the summer and autumn, but granulocytic one took place in the spring and summer.K e y w o r d s: haemopoiesis, anuran.Ãåìîïîïîýòè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà áåñõâîñòûõ àìôèáèé: ðîëü êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè. Àêóëåíêî Í. Ì. -Ãåìîïîýòè÷åñêóþ àêòèâíîñòü êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè îçåðíîé ëÿãóøêè (Pelophylax ridibundus) èññëåäîâàëè â òå÷åíèå ãîäà. Ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ è ïîêàçàòåëåé àíàëèçè-ðîâàëèñü ìèåëîãðàììû êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè, îïðåäåëåííûå â ðàçëè÷íûå ñåçîíû. Ïîêàçàíî íàëè÷èå â îáîèõ îðãàíàõ äèôôåðåíöèðîâêè ýðèòðîèäíîãî è ìèåëîèäíîãî ðîñòêîâ â òå÷åíèå ãîäà.  êîñòíîì ìîçãå èçìåíÿåòñÿ îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî íåäèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûõ ïðåäøåñòâåííè-êîâ êðîâåòâîðåíèÿ, íî ñîîòíîøåíèå ýðèòðîèäíûõ è ãðàíóëîöèòàðíûõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ îñòà-åòñÿ ñòàáèëüíûì. Ãåìîïîýòè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïå÷åíè èìååò áîëåå âûðàaeåííûå ñåçîííûå êîëå-áàíèÿ, õîòÿ å¸ îáùåå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ãåìîïîýçà ñðàâíèìî ñ êîñòíûì ìîçãîì. Äèôôåðåíöèðîâêà ýðèòðîöèòîâ áîëåå âûðàaeåíà ëåòîì è îñåíüþ, à äèôôåðåíöèðîâêà ãðàíóëîöèòîâ -âåñíîé è ëåòîì.

Pecular Features of Hematopoiesis in the Liver of Mature and Immature Green Frogs (Pelophylax Esculentus Complex)

“…It is only the content of myeloid tissue in the medullary cavity that changes, and the changes depend on the season. In the liver and in the blood stream, in contrast, diff erentiation of blood cells related to particular line ages is activated depending on the season (Akulenko, 2012). Th us the hematopoiesis in the bloodstream is more responsive to the individual needs of the animal, than blood formation in the liver.…”

“…Noteworthy is also the ratio of "erythroblasts: polychrome normoblasts" in the studied groups of animals. In immature frogs and in the control group this ratio is around 0.5, indicating that a signifi cant proportion of erythroblasts leave the liver for further diff erentiation in the bloodstream (Akulenko, 2011(Akulenko, , 2012. In adults the ratio is 0.3, which means that less erythroblasts continue diff erentiation in the blood stream.…”

“…Hematopoietic processes of the frogs during embryonic and larval development and immediately aft er metamorphosis were the subject of rather detailed studies (Maniatis, Ingram, 1971;Smyslov, 1980;Meseguer et al, 1985;Rollins-Smith et al, 2004, etc.). Th e hematopoiesis of mature animals has been also the subject of many studies discussed in detail earlier (Akulenko, 2011(Akulenko, , 2012. However, the breeding season is a severe stress for frogs;it causes the death of a large part of the animals in populations.…”

Amphibian macrophage development and antiviral defenses

“…In amphibians, the sub-cortical (peripheral) liver is generally considered to be the principal hematopoietic site from early development (Chen and Turpen, 1995; Hadji-Azimi et al, 1987; Hadji-Azimi et al, 1990; Nogawa-Kosaka et al, 2011). However, recent findings, combined with older literature suggest that in fact different amphibian species may actually localize their blood cell development to different organs and tissues (Akulenko, 2012; Brunst, 1958; Carver and Meints, 1977; Durand et al, 2000; Golub et al, 2004; Hadji-Azimi et al, 1987; Hadji-Azimi et al, 1990; Lane and Sheets, 2002). In this regard, it is noteworthy that although the amphibian bone marrow is relatively rudimentary and has been largely overlooked as a potential site of hematopoiesis (Hadji-Azimi et al, 1987; Hadji-Azimi et al, 1990), it appears that certain amphibian species utilize this site for blood cell development (discussed below).…”

“…These observations are interesting since they indicate that the bullfrogs hematopoiesis takes place not only in the kidney, as in some anuran tadpoles (discussed above) and bony fish, but also in the bone marrow, similar to endothermic vertebrates. Other variations on the hematopoietic sites across anuran species are exemplified by the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus, whose hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow as in the bullfrog, but unlike the bullfrog also in the liver (Akulenko, 2012). As an additional layer of complexity to the already poorly understood process of anuran hematopoiesis, the P. ridibundus bone marrow and the liver erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis appear to be subject to seasonal variations (Akulenko, 2012).…”