Hair analysis for nicotine and cotinine: evaluation of extraction procedures, hair treatments, and development of reference material

Pichini, Simona; Altieri, Ilaria; Pellegrini, Manuela; Pacifici, Roberta; Zuccaro, Piergiorgio

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02068-3

Cited by 59 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Dyes, bleach and permanent waves have been shown to reduce cotinine and nicotine levels in hair. 13 Several factors may help explain this disparity in the effect of hair dying on cortisol levels. First, the laboratory experiment examines the effect of hair dyeing after the hair collection in the same individuals; the clinical comparison is in hair samples dyed before sampling in two separate groups of individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure

Sauvé

Koren²,

Walsh³

et al. 2007

CIM

498

395

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Clin Invest Med 2007; 30 (5): E183-E191. AbstractPurpose: Current methods for measuring long-term endogenous production of cortisol can be challenging due to the need to take multiple urine, saliva or serum samples. Hair grows approximately 1 centimeter per month, and hair analysis accurately reflects exposure to drug abuse and environmental toxins. Here we describe a new assay for measurement of cortisol in hair, and determined a reference range for non-obese subjects. Methods: For measurement of cortisol in hair we modified an immunoassay originally developed for measuring cortisol in saliva. We compared hair samples obtained from various parts of the head, and assessed the effect of hair dying. We analyzed hair samples from non-obese subjects, in whom we also obtained urine, saliva and blood samples for cortisol measurements. Results: The mean extraction recovery for hair cortisol standards of 100 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml and 2 ng/ml (n=6) was 87.9%, 88.9% and 87.4%, respectively. Hair cortisol levels were not affected by hair color or by dying hair samples after they were obtained. Cortisol levels were decreased in hair that was artificially colored before taking the sample. The coefficient of variation was high for cortisol levels in hair from different sections of the head (30.5%), but was smaller when comparing between hair samples obtained from the vertex posterior (15.6%). The reference range for cortisol in hair was 17.7-153.2 pg/mg of hair (median 46.1 pg/mg). Hair cortisol levels correlated significantly with cortisol in 24-hour urine (r=0.33; P=0.041). Conclusion:The correlation of hair cortisol with 24-hour urine cortisol supports its relevance as biomarker for longterm exposure.Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. In humans, cortisol levels are increased in severe stress, depression, and selected systemic diseases such as Cushing's syndrome. Proper assessment of endogenous cortisol secretion is required to adequately determine its relation to these clinical conditions. For that end, cortisol is currently measured in saliva, serum and urine. While each of these measurements has advantages and limitations, all these methods require multiple samples to provide an assessment of cortisol levels over prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, due to diurnal variations

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure

Sauvé

Koren²,

Walsh³

et al. 2007

CIM

498

395

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This finding was comparable with the experimental result of Jurado et al (40), who reported an average decrease of 30% in hair nicotine concentrations after bleaching naturally colored hair samples among eight French smokers. Pichini et al (41) found that hair nicotine concentrations were affected by treatment (dyes, permanent wave, and hydrogen peroxide), but the results were not reproducible. On the basis of this study and other experimental results in earlier articles, it is likely that women's hair nicotine concentrations in this study might be slightly underestimated.…”

Section: Determinants For Hair Nicotine Concentrations Among Women Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Hair Nicotine Concentrations in Nonsmoking Women and Children: A Multicountry Study of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Homes

Kim

Wipfli

Navas‐Acien

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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The main purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate determinants of hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking women and children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home. Hair samples were collected from nonsmoking women (n = 852) and from children (n = 1,017) <11 years of age living in households (n = 1,095) with smokers from 31 countries from July 2005 to October 2006. Participants' ages, activity patterns and socioeconomic characteristics including education and employment status, and hair treatment information were collected. Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to identify the main determinants of hair nicotine concentration measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Increased indoor air nicotine concentration at home were associated with increased hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking women and children. This association was not changed after controlling for other explanatory variables. After controlling for age, length of exposure, and socioeconomic characteristics, hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking children and women were estimated to be increased by 3% and 1%, respectively, for a 1 μg/m 3 increase in air nicotine concentration. The association between children's exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke at home and hair nicotine concentration was stronger among younger children and children with longer exposure at home. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3407-14)

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“…The eligibility criteria for the collection of hair samples were only singleton births, possibility of having matched maternal and newborn hair, maternal hair without any cosmetic treatment that could interfere with nicotine accumulation in hair (Pichini et al, 1997), and a strand length of at least 5 cm. Initially, 322 (56.2%) women met the eligibility criteria for hair collection.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

Pichini

Garcı́a-Algar

Muñoz

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of fetal exposure to smoking during the whole pregnancy, nicotine in maternal and newborns hair samples, and quantitative measurement of smoking intake and exposure evaluated by maternal self-reported questionnaire. Study subjects were 150 mothers and their newborns from a hospital in Barcelona. A questionnaire including smoking habits was completed in the third trimester of pregnancy and on the day of delivery. Nicotine content was measured in two subsequent segments of maternal hair accounting for the first and last months of pregnancy, and in fetal hair. The geometric mean of nicotine concentration in maternal hair discriminated between nonexposition (3.84 and 2.80 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) and exposition to cigarette smoke during pregnancy (6.06 and 4.30 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) (Po0.05), and between these two classes and active smoking (14.40 and 11.08 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively). Maternal hair nicotine was able to differentiate levels of exposure to tobacco smoke and levels of intake. Nicotine concentration in hair from newborns did not differentiate between exposure and nonexposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in nonsmoking mothers. Finally, chronic exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy, assessed by maternal hair nicotine, correlated negatively with anthropometric parameters of newborns.

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Hair analysis for nicotine and cotinine: evaluation of extraction procedures, hair treatments, and development of reference material

Cited by 59 publications

References 6 publications

Measurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure

Measurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure

Determinants of Hair Nicotine Concentrations in Nonsmoking Women and Children: A Multicountry Study of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Homes

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

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