Hair Preparations

Clausen, Thomas; Schwan-Jonczyk, Annette; Lang, Günther; Schuh, Werner; Liebscher, Klaus Dieter; Springob, Christian; Franzke, Michael; Balzer, Wolfgang; Imhoff, Sonja; Maresch, Gerhard; Bimczok, Rudolf

doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Non-oxidative semi-permanent and temporary hair dyes include colored compounds that stain hair directly. [ 4 , 5 ]. Hair coloring has long traditions, dating back thousands of years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

et al. 2015

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IntroductionRole of hair dyes in the etiology of breast cancer has occasionally raised concern but previous research has concluded with mixed results. Remnants of prohibited aromatic amines have been found in many hair dye products, and elevated levels of DNA-adducts of these amines have been detected from breast epithelial cells of hair dye users. However, the IARC working group has concluded that there is inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity of personal hair dye use and limited evidence in experimental animals for carcinogenicity of hair colorants.Material and MethodsWe investigated whether the use of hair dyes is associated with breast cancer risk in women. The study design was a retrospective population-based case-control study in Finland, with a self-administered questionnaire from 6,567 breast cancer patients, aged 22–60 years and diagnosed in 2000–2007, and their 21,598 matched controls. We report odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from a conditional logistic regression model applied to the frequency matched sets of cases and controls. Bias-adjusted odds ratios from the sensitivity analysis are also presented.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of breast cancer increased by 23% (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11–1.36) among women who used hair dyes compared to those who did not. In women born before 1950 an increase of 28% was noted (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10–1.48). We also observed a significant trend between the OR and cumulative use of hair dyes (P: 0.005). Bias-adjusted odds ratios varied between 1.04 and 2.50.ConclusionsOur results suggest that use of hair dyes is associated with breast cancer incidence. The impact on public health may be substantial due to vast popularity of hair coloring in modern societies. It should be noted that regardless of all efforts, a possibility of bias cannot definitively be ruled out and use of a prospective design is warranted. Based on the present results, it may be concluded however that safety of hair dyes in relation to breast cancer cannot yet be fully acknowledged and lack of external safety assessment within the cosmetics industry is of major concern.

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“…Non-oxidative semi-permanent and temporary hair dyes include colored compounds that stain hair directly. [ 4 , 5 ]. Hair coloring has long traditions, dating back thousands of years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

et al. 2015

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“…Hair also undergoes various cosmetic treatments that alter the chemical composition of the keratin structure. Hair dyeing, bleaching, shampooing, and conditioning can cause the cuticle to open up and expose the inner layers of the hair shaft to contamination (Wennig 2000;Clausen et al 2006;Wilson et al 2010). Hair strands can also become contaminated before emerging from the hair follicle.…”

Section: Keratinous Tissue and Cosmetic Hair Care Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alkaline portion of the ABA pretreatment was carried out at room temperature to avoid keratin degradation and loss (Clausen et al 2006). Samples were then washed with 18.2MΩ DDH 2 O water until pH neutral, and dried in a vacuum oven with no heat.…”

Section: Sample Chemical Pretreatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following this specialized treatment, an ABA treatment (as mentioned above) was applied to remove detergent residue (if any), and for additional cleansing of hair samples prior to isotopic analysis. A chemical pretreatment using sequential (6-10) hydrogen peroxide (3% H 2 O 2 ) baths at 60°C was used due to its ability to break apart hair dye pigment compounds (Clausen et al 2006). We applied this treatment for ~30 min until the hair appeared colorless, indicating that the breakdown of the melanin pigments within the hair strands and dye had reached completion.…”

Section: Sample Chemical Pretreatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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¹⁴C Measurements Elucidate Isotopic Differences between Nails and Hair in Modern Humans

et al. 2014

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In forensic sciences, radiocarbon found in modern human nails and hair is evaluated to determine the year of death. However, 14 C analyses presented herein of fingernails and hair from the same infant demonstrated 14 C values of hair that were lower than would be expected (e.g. depleted relative to the fingernails by at least 10‰). These results prompted a series of 14 C measurements on infant hair strands, fingernails, and infant shampoo, which suggested the presence of C contamination due to cosmetic products. To further evaluate these discrepancies, several hair strands and fingernail samples from multiple donors were collected, pretreated by several approaches, and measured using isotopic analysis (d 13 C, d 15 N, and C/N as well as 14 C accelerator mass spectrometry). SEM images of the surface of chemically pretreated hair strands were also taken to inspect the performance of the chemical pretreatments applied. Our 14 C and stable isotope results show that modern human hair is likely contaminated with fossil-fuel-derived carbon, which is found in most hair care products. Currently, the various chemical pretreatments available in the literature and presented herein show that it is not possible to completely remove foreign carbon contaminates. Thus, the human 14 C and d 13 C values between keratinous tissues (fingernails and hair) are not in agreement. From these observations, it becomes apparent that isotopic interpretations using human hair should be used with extreme caution and additional work is needed for its use in forensic and dietary research.

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“…Aminobenzenes represent an important class of industrial intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of chemicals . p ‐Phenylenediamine (PPD), for example, is a well‐known aminobenzene‐derived compound which enters in the production of different types of products such as textile azo dyes and pigments, antioxidants, aramid textile fibers and accelerators for rubber vulcanization . PPD behaves as an excellent intermediate in preparation of materials possessing high temperature stability, high strength, chemical and electrical resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐Free and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reduction of 4‐Nitroaniline by a Poly(Ethylene Glycol)‐Supported Eosin Dye under Visible‐Light Exposure

Chibac¹,

Melinte²,

Brezová

et al. 2019

ChemCatChem

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A new feasible approach for the photoreduction of a chemical pollutant, 4‐nitroaniline, to p‐phenylenediamine was developed. We highlighted the crucial roles of a polymer backbone and the atmosphere for the efficient heterogeneous reduction of 4‐nitroaniline. The novel synthesized poly(ethylene glycol)‐derived film containing immobilized eosin dye revealed a high photoreduction rate of 4‐nitroaniline. According to laser flash photolysis results the first step of this photoinduced process represents a single electron transfer from eosin radical anion to the 4‐nitroaniline to form a nitroaniline radical anion. The in‐situ electron paramagnetic resonance spin‐trapping experiments evidenced the generation of superoxide radical anion serving as catalyst in the p‐phenylenediamine production according to a photoreduction process. The main roles play by poly(ethylene glycol) matrix as efficient reducing agent and hydrogen‐donor molecule was also pointed out. A mechanism was proposed to explain the heterogeneous photoreduction of 4‐nitroaniline to p‐phenylenediamine in the presence of eosin dye‐based poly(ethylene glycol) system under air.

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Hair Preparations

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. The Scalp and Hair … Show more

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

¹⁴C Measurements Elucidate Isotopic Differences between Nails and Hair in Modern Humans

Metal‐Free and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reduction of 4‐Nitroaniline by a Poly(Ethylene Glycol)‐Supported Eosin Dye under Visible‐Light Exposure

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Hair Preparations

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. The Scalp and Hair … Show more

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women

14C Measurements Elucidate Isotopic Differences between Nails and Hair in Modern Humans

Metal‐Free and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reduction of 4‐Nitroaniline by a Poly(Ethylene Glycol)‐Supported Eosin Dye under Visible‐Light Exposure

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Product

Resources

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¹⁴C Measurements Elucidate Isotopic Differences between Nails and Hair in Modern Humans