“…The COVID-19 pandemic opened a window to comprehensively examine the diverse vulnerabilities regarding homeless individuals, including physical health (Kar et al, 2020), mental health (Martin et al, 2021), overall wellbeing (van Ruth, 2021), vaccine hesitancy (Balut et al, 2021), historical poverty and alterative affordable housing (Pilla & Park-Taylor, 2021), and social exclusions (Platt et al, 2021), with a focus on the entire life span from youth (Schwan et al, 2020) to older adults (Gombita et al, 2020). When governments worldwide released stay-athome orders to quickly respond to the COVID-19 emergency, previous housing challenges faced by homeless individuals were compounded by the public health protocols, further strengthening their vulnerabilities and related negative influence as well as reducing their coping capacities of developing mitigation strategies (Obasi & Anierobi, 2020;Wu & Karabanow, 2020).…”