Halogen bonding interaction of chloromethane with several nitrogen donating molecules: addressing the nature of the chlorine surface σ-hole

Abstract

With the goal of understanding the reason for the specific binding affinity of the chlorine in Cl-CH3 in the H2C=O···Cl-CH3 complex, we performed molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP) analysis for isolated H3C-Cl with B3PW91, M06-2X, and MP2(full), all in conjunction with twenty-three Dunning- and Pople-type basis sets of double- and triple-ς valence qualities. The results obtained were benchmarked against the best level of theory employed, CCSD/6-311++G(3d,2p). It was found that the local maximum of the electrostatic potential, Vs,max, on the surface of the chlorine along the outermost extension of the C-Cl bond in Cl-CH3 would vary dramatically from slightly negative to slightly positive values with respect to the basis set sizes and correlation methods employed. Its value, mapped on the 0.001 electrons per bohr(3) isodensity surface, is approximately +1.0 kcal mol(-1) at the best level. This specific nature of the chlorine's Vs,max is ipso facto more plausible, and is clarified considering the 0.0015 and 0.002 electrons per bohr(3) isodensity envelopes, in which cases, Vs,max is apparently small and positive despite the varied basis sets and methods utilized. The thirteen binary complexes investigated using MP2(full)/6-311++G(3d,2p) are thus formed upon the interaction of chlorine's positive σ-hole in Cl-CH3 with the local most negative areas of electrostatic potential, Vs,min, confined on the surface of the nitrogen in the RN series of thirteen monomers, where RN = FCN, ClCN, BrCN, CH3CN, HOCN, HSCN, PCCN, PN, CCl3CN, SiH3CN, NCCN, CNCN, and NaCN. In all instances, the NCl intermolecular distances of separation evaluated are less than the sum of the chlorine and nitrogen van der Waals radii, 3.48 Å. The NCl contacts are all stable and have quasi-linear geometries (∠N···Cl-C ≅ 175-180°), unraveling the directional nature of the chlorine's positive σ-hole. The effect of substituents -R on the binding energies ΔE of the RNCl-CH3 complexes was found to be marginal, with values ranging from -0.39 to -1.29 kcal mol(-1) with MP2(full) and values from -0.02 to -0.84 kcal mol(-1) with CCSD(T). Applications of atoms in molecules and noncovalent interaction reduced-density-gradient methods revealed the N···Cl interactions to be of electrostatic origin. The red- and blue-shifts in the vibrational stretching frequencies of the C-Cl bonds estimated with MP2(full) were found to be accompanied with an increase and decrease in the corresponding bonds upon formation of the RN···Cl-CH3 complexes, respectively. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that there are several weak interorbital charge transfer interactions persisting between the electron-acceptor and -donor orbitals of the monomers interacting in the RN···Cl-CH3 complexes.

Do surfaces of positive electrostatic potential on different halogen derivatives in molecules attract? like attracting like!

“…For the former three molecules, the σ‐hole on the fluorine is negative, with V s,max values of −0.73, −0.74, and −23.19 kcal mol −1 , respectively. According to our previous experience, the weakly negative 0.001 a.u. mapped V s,max values for σ‐holes on the halogen might mislead the result.…”

“…The first, a halogen bond, which is formed when a positive region on the halogen in a molecule attracts a negative site (as in H 3 N•••F 2 , for example). The second, a σ‐hole, which is a region of deficiency of electron density on the electrostatic surface of the atom Y along the outer extension of the RY σ‐bond in molecules, which can be positive, negative, or neutral . The atom Y can be a halogen derivative X (X = Cl, Br, I), or any other main group element of the periodic table (mainly atoms of groups 14–17).…”

“…Thus, an atom possessing a positive σ‐hole in a molecule can attract the negative site on another molecule to form an intermolecular noncovalent interaction. Such an attractive interaction has been referred to as either halogen bonding, or σ‐hole centered bonding …”

Nature of halogen‐centered intermolecular interactions in crystal growth and design: Fluorine‐centered interactions in dimers in crystalline hexafluoropropylene as a prototype

“…The outer surface of the halogen derivative X along the RX σ‐bond direction generally carries an electrostatic potential; this is not always computationally detectable unless an appropriate theoretical method is chosen …”

“…This does not, however, require that an electron density deficient region is/would be always positive. In fact, it could be negative as well …”