Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foam with a Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant

Abstract

A novel nitrogen−phosphorus flame retardant, 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid melamine salt (CMA), was synthesized by the reaction of 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid with melamine in aqueous solution, and it was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Halogen-free flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) were prepared successfully by using CMA as a flame retardant. The effects of CMA content on the mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of FPUF were investigated by tensile test, TGA, limiting oxygen index (LOI), flame propagation test (Cal T.B. 117A-Part I standard), and cone calorimeter. The foam morphology of FPUF was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that CMA endowed FPUF with good flame-retardant properties. FPUF containing only 12 wt % CMA can pass Cal T.B. 117A-Part I standard, and its LOI value was increased from 18.2 (for FPUF without CMA) to 24.1. Particularly, the addition of CMA almost did not decrease the mechanical properties of the resulting flame-retardant FPUFs.

Development of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Composites Reinforced with Graphene Platelets

“…The four factors determining thermal stability, T d , – 5%, T d , – 75%, T f and char residue values, are summarized in Table . These values respectively denote the temperature at which decomposition is initiated, the temperature at which weight loss is 75%, the temperature at which the degradation process is finalized, and the percent of the obtained char at 700 °C . Thermal stability of the samples was compared by these values.…”

Intumescent flame retardant polyurethane/starch composites: Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties

“…Indeed, starch establishes a synergism in the dynamical properties corresponding to the formation of internal networks. Chen et al described a direct linear relation between entangled network formations and improved flame retardant properties, which is essentially originated from improved structure of the char layer. Addition of fillers usually restricts the chain movement and further enhances relaxation time of polymer chains (τ).…”

Intumescent flame retardancy of a DGEBA epoxy resin based on 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide

“…[15][16][17][18] The P-containing group can act both in the gas phase and in the condensed phase (via char formation) at the same time, and the N-containing group can release inert gases to dilute oxygen and facilitate the expansion of char layer during the combustion. [19][20][21] Therefore, it is desirable to use this synergistic approach to reduce the amount of flame retardants for obtaining the excellent flame retarded epoxy materials.…”