Halogen‐free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability

Pang, Xiu-Yan; Chang, Ran; Weng, Meng-Qi

doi:10.1002/pen.24811

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…And then, the cohesive and dense residue blocks the transfer of volatile micromolecules, which further leads to a small R max ,II and high R exp of 33.04%. The R exp is not only significantly higher than pure RPUF and APP , but also higher than that of 80RPUF/20EG 0,50 and 80RPUF/20EG P50 . The results confirm the chemical char formation effect of APP on RPUF is more important than the char formation of the GICs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Pang

Xin

Shi

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In this study, three different sizes of tripolyphosphate‐modified expandable graphite (EGp) are prepared and incorporated into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) in order to obtain a flame retardant material with low density, good mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity. The influence of particle size on material combustibility, thermal stability, compression strength, pore cell structure, diathermancy, and hydrophobic property is investigated. Synergistic effect between the EGp and ammonium polyphosphate (APP II) is also examined. Results show the limiting oxygen index value and residue yield increase as the EGp size increases. On the contrary, the heat release rate and total heat release decrease as the EGP size increases. In addition, the chemical char formation effect of APP on RPUF is more important than the char formation of the graphite intercalation compounds. EGp and APP show synergistic effect in improving flame retardancy, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1381–1394 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Pang

Xin

Shi

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…21 One possible way to mitigate these costs is using flame retardants. 22 , 23 Yet, some of these flame retardants employed with PUF have halogen, phosphorous, and silicon bases, and when used in high quantities to extinguish fire promote the emission of toxic gases. Even though alumina trihydrate (ATH) is one of the most used flame retardants in polymers, with known benefits of low cost and the emission of nontoxic gases, 24 it poses some drawbacks that need to be tackled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexural and flammability evaluation of a new bio-based polyurethane foam with alumina trihydrate

Silva

Souza

Janes

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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Flexural and flammability evaluation of a new bio-based polyurethane foam (PUF) with alumina trihydrate (ATH) added as flame retardant were carried out. The PUF was obtained from a blend of vegetable oils. Flexural behavior of the polyurethane with different mass fractions of flame retardant (ATH) was investigated according to ASTM D790-17. Flammability tests were performed according to ASTM D3801-20 and ASTM D635-14 for the vertical and horizontal positions, respectively. The ATH addition influenced the flexural strength of the tested specimens, showing mean values for pure PUF and PUF with 50% of ATH were very close, but the highest value was obtained for PUF with 20% of ATH. Besides, the maximum strain value under flexural load was substantially reduced as the ATH mass increased, which was 11.4% for pure PUF and 3.38% for PUF with 50% of ATH. The flexural modulus increased with ATH incorporation up to 40% mass fraction. The obtained values for pure PUF, PUF with 40% of ATH and PUF with 50% of ATH specimens were 30.63 ± 1.95 MPa, 73.01 ± 2.82 MPa, and 62.16 ± 2.30 MPa, respectively. In addition, flammability test results presented better responses as the amount of ATH increased. PUF with 40% of ATH received V-2 classification, and PUF with 50% of ATH obtained HB classification. Therefore, the results for PUF with the addition of ATH show that the new bio-based material can be designed by using different mass fractions. Thus, this material becomes very useful for many types of applications, such as furniture and automobile industries, as well as sandwich structures and building constructions.

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“…Literature reports that synergistic effects or additive effects between EG and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were found, and the decomposition products of APP can conglutinate the loose "graphite worms," which is conducive to forming the compact char layer. [22][23][24][25] EG/APP exerts a great flame retardant effect in condensed phase through the protective char layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect

Chen

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) were prepared by using modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) combined with expandable graphite (EG) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The thermal stability, flame retardant property, and mechanical property of flame-retardant RPUF were evaluated based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, cone calorimetry tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compressive strength tests. The results showed that an efficient ternary flame retardant system, DMMP/EG/MAPP, for rigid polyurethane foam was constructed. When the ratio of DMMP/EG/MAPP was 4/12/4, the cell size of RPUF composite was the most homogeneous, and the LOI value of RPUF composite reached 31.9%. The peak heat release and total smoke release value decreased to 97 kW/m 2 and 347 m 2 /m 2 , respectively. The RPUF composites with 4%DMMP/12%EG/4%MAPP exhibited the best flame retardant property because DMMP/EG/MAPP played great free radical quenching effect in the gas phase by releasing the POÁ and PO 2 Á free radicals during the whole combustion process. Meanwhile, the compact char layer with "connected worm-like" structure exerted barrier effect in the condensed phase.

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Halogen‐free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability

Cited by 26 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Flexural and flammability evaluation of a new bio-based polyurethane foam with alumina trihydrate

Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect

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