Halogenated indigo dyes: A likely source of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole and some other halogenated carbazoles in the environment

Parette, Robert; McCrindle, Robert; McMahon, Katherine S.; Pena-Abaurrea, Miren; Reiner, Eric J.; Chittim, Brock; Riddell, Nicole; Voß, Gundula; Dorman, Frank L.; Pearson, W N

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.001

Cited by 90 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Several chlorocarbazole analogues, including 3chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, have been shown to induce dioxin-like activity using ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction in rat hepatoma cells and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression in Ah-responsive breast cancer cells (Trobs et al, 2011;Riddell et al, 2015;Mumbo et al, 2015). Although it has been found that halogenated indigo dyes are possible sources of bromocarbazoles in the environment, the origin of chlorocarbazoles is still under debate (Parette et al, 2015), as they may come from both natural and anthropologic sources (Luk et al, 1983). Recently, Altarawneh et al (Altarawneh and Dlugogorski, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lack of information may result from the complexity of chlorocarbazole isomers and the lack of proper analytical methods and reference materials. However, with the recent increasing attention to chlorocarbazole's toxicity and environmental presence (Riddell et al, 2015;Mumbo et al, 2015;Parette et al, 2015), it is crucial to characterize the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination

Wang

et al. 2017

Environmental Pollution

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination

Wang

et al. 2017

Environmental Pollution

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“…Heterocyclic compounds of the polycyclic heteroaromatic group are well known environmental pollutants that are discriminately abundant in the environment and whose source and environmental pathways are known to be mainly anthropogenic as well as from combustion activities [73,86]. Nitrogenated aromatic heterocyclic compounds generally are components of crude oil and include carbazole and dibenzopyrroles among other heterocycles of toxicological significance [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues

et al. 2020

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Dioxins and furans are no doubt the most notorious class of organochlorine toxicants in the environmental system whose adverse effects are detrimental to public health with extreme negative economic impacts. Polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxin and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like compounds such as the polychlorinated biphenyls, carbazoles are in the class of persistent organic pollutants-prioritized under the Stockholm convention as the "dirty dozens", besides being listed as group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Because of their recalcitrant nature in the environment, bioaccumulation in lipids of cells of animals and their general toxicities, this family of compounds has received increased scientific interest in pollution and toxicology research. Accumulation of these toxicants in lipids of animals, and human exposure has been traced to animal products such as meat, eggs, milk and fish. Combustion events, industrial and municipal waste incineration practices, open fires and some industrial activities especially those dealing with metallurgy are well-established sources of these environmental contaminants. The critical aspects of dioxins, furans and their analogues; notably their sources their mechanistic formation by precursor initiation, de novo pathways, how they manifest their toxicity by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, detoxification of these chemicals from the environment and the analytical methods used to quantify and detect from environmental sample matrices has been explored in this work. This review also provides an in-depth examination of the toxic characteristic behaviour of dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the emerging nitrogenated analogues of dioxins such as polychlorinated carbazole, and carbazole itself.

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“…Some of them are used for the general control of weeds in agricultural practices (Gupta, 2019). "N,N-dimethyl-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea" was the first of these herbicides, introduced in 1952 by the multinational DuPont as Monuron (Parette et al, 2015). Giessbuhler et al (1975) published the first complete review of ureas, showing the possibility of using some of them as herbicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoproturon: A Controversial Herbicide Hard to Confine in a Global Market

Leoci¹,

Ruberti²

2020

JSD

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Until the first decade of 2000, isoproturon (IPU), a controversial and potentially hazardous chemical substance for animals, was one of the herbicides most commonly used in agriculture around the world. The current scarcity of scientific studies about its toxicity is evident, especially as regards the possible dangerous consequences on higher mammals and humans and the long-term effects on environment, other animals and plant organisms. Contrary to what happened for other categories of herbicides (in particular, clomazone and glyphosate), in some States the precautionary principle prevailed, prohibiting its use. However, this prohibition does not seem sufficient because IPU is still used in many countries and it also reaches other nations where it is banned in the form of contaminated agro-food products. This is one of the lesser-known consequences of the global markets.

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Halogenated indigo dyes: A likely source of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole and some other halogenated carbazoles in the environment

Cited by 90 publications

References 42 publications

Characterization of the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination

Characterization of the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination

A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues

Isoproturon: A Controversial Herbicide Hard to Confine in a Global Market

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