Halon Design Calculations

Numerical Investigation of the Required Quantity of Inert Gas Agents in Fire Suppression Systems

“…If the oxygen mass fraction Y m,O 2 is lower thanŶ O 2, ,lim , the energy released from the combustion is less thanŶ O 2, ,lim ∆H O 2 , which is no more than the energy shown in Equation (1). Thus, the amount of energy is not sufficient to raise the fuel-air-product mixture above T CFT and the combustion process will self-terminate.…”

“…To reach the critical flame temperature (T CFT ), the combustion energy should be no less than the energy calculated from Equation (1). Based on the method of oxygen consumption calorimetry, the oxygen mass fraction in this volume should be no less than the limiting mass fraction:…”

“…The production of halons for fire protection was banned in most countries due to the stratospheric ozone layer depletion issue [1]. Over the last three decades, the agents used in gas fire suppression systems have therefore undergone a transition from halon agents to clean agents.…”

Experimental Assessment of the Acoustic Performance of Nozzles Designed for Clean Agent Fire Suppression

“…Several applications require gas-based fire protection systems, as the systems involving the discharge of liquid water-mainly those consisting of sprinklers-may cause damage to items that could even exceed the loss induced by the fire itself. One of the main examples, and also the reference case for the present work, is embodied by the protection of electrical and electronic equipment: any scenarios where an electrical voltage is applied (e.g., data centers) discourages the use of liquid water to perform fire suppression and extinction, since water exhibits high electrical conductivity [1,2]. Other typical scenarios consist of archives, libraries and generally all locations where the mentioned materials (e.g., paper) may be damaged by liquid water or where rapid cleanup after operating the system is recommended [1].…”

“…One of the main examples, and also the reference case for the present work, is embodied by the protection of electrical and electronic equipment: any scenarios where an electrical voltage is applied (e.g., data centers) discourages the use of liquid water to perform fire suppression and extinction, since water exhibits high electrical conductivity [1,2]. Other typical scenarios consist of archives, libraries and generally all locations where the mentioned materials (e.g., paper) may be damaged by liquid water or where rapid cleanup after operating the system is recommended [1]. Prior to their 1994 ban as a result of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer [1], followed by a phase-out stage, halocarbon compounds, typically known as halons, were employed as gaseous agents, with Halon 1301 arguably being the most common.…”