Halothane Alters the Oxygen Consumption-Oxygen Delivery Relationship Compared with Conscious State

Rock, Peter; Beattie, Charles; Kimball, A. W.; Nyhan, Daniel; Chen, Bessie B.; Fehr, D. M.; Derrer, S. A.; Parker, Stephen; Murray, Paul A.

doi:10.1097/00000542-199012000-00017

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, it is possible that a more sophisticated (nonlinear) fitting of the data could yield higher success rates in estimating DO 2 crit . For example, V O 2 -DO 2 relationships have been successfully fitted by exponentials (25). On the other hand, the dual-line method was used in the current analysis because it provided an unbiased means to estimate DO 2 crit , and it is the most frequently employed method (12,17,20,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anesthesia has been shown to affect the V O 2 -DO 2 relationship (25,41), whereas ketamine and halogenated anesthetics may limit the tolerance to severe hemodilution (25,41,42). The anesthetic Saffan was chosen for this study because it preserves cardiovascular reflex activity (23) and because stud- ies on cardiorespiratory functions in the rat used this anesthetic (38), including determinations of DO 2 and V O 2 (39), as performed in our studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery

Filho

Spiess

Pittman

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Systemic variables were evaluated with respect to O(2) delivery to test the hypothesis that critical O(2) delivery and critical Hb can be estimated by multiple variables collected simultaneously. Rats were subjected to transfusion with either fresh or stored blood and then subjected to stepwise isovolemic hemodilution. Critical levels were measured by the dual-regression method from plots of systemic variables against O(2) delivery and Hb. Delivery was calculated from cardiac index and arterial O(2) content. We found that 1) after hemodilution, O(2) delivery changed in a nonlinear relationship with Hb; 2) critical delivery calculated using 30 different systemic variables was not statistically different from each other; 3) critical delivery and critical Hb were correlated but were not different between animals receiving fresh or stored blood; and 4) similar critical levels were found using a single variable from several animals and using several variables from the same subject. The best variables to estimate critical delivery were lactate, bicarbonate, base excess, O(2) extraction ratio, expired CO(2), pulse pressure, cardiac index, and systolic pressure. The data suggest that a multivariable analysis of critical delivery may help determine the physiological oxygenation boundary at the whole body level. This may assist in finding therapeutic triggers on an individual basis using systemic markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery

Filho

Spiess

Pittman

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…Effect of anesthetics on critical oxygen delivery 27,57,58. Effect of anesthetics on oxygen consumption 15,57,59. …”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sedatives and anesthetic agents and anesthetic drug selection for the trauma patient

Haskins

2006

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective: To integrate and compare the effects of tranquilizer/sedatives and anesthetic drugs on various parameters of cardiovascular function in normal dogs and in dogs stressed by hypovolemia, anemia, and endotoxemia, and to discuss the relative merits and appropriate precautions of anesthetic drugs with respect to specific patient physiologic complications. Data sources: Personal data and experiences in conjunction with veterinary and human clinical and research studies. Human and veterinary data synthesis: Drugs that produce calming, sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, and loss of consciousness have the potential to produce marked cardiorespiratory effects particularly in hemorrhaged, hypovolemic‐traumatized animals. Acute but key cardiovascular components that are affected by sedative and anesthetic drugs include heart rate and rhythm, venous return (preload), systemic vascular resistance (afterload), and myocardial contractile (inotropic) and relaxation (lusitropic) properties. In addition, all sedative and anesthetic drugs alter or depress normal baroreceptor reflex activity, thereby inhibiting or eliminating the animal's normal physiologic response to decreases in arterial blood pressure and predisposing to tissue hypoperfusion, decreased oxygen delivery, and oxygenation. Oxygen delivery needs to be adequate to meet the metabolic (oxygen) requirements of the patient. Decreases in oxygen delivery to tissues increases oxygen extraction, thereby maintaining tissue oxygenation (supply‐independent oxygen consumption phase) until compensatory processes reach their limit and any further decrease in oxygen delivery causes a decrease in oxygen consumption (supply‐dependent oxygen consumption phase). The critical oxygen delivery that defines the transition between these 2 phases is generally higher in the anesthetized state than in the awake state. The effect of anesthetics on critical oxygen delivery at comparable anesthetic dosages is pentobarbital=ketamine>alfentanil>etomidate=propofol>inhalational anesthetics. Anesthetics generally decrease oxygen consumption from the awake, baseline state; exceptions are ketamine and ether. Ketamine, however, increases oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction. Conclusions: The transition from the awake to the anesthetized state is a huge imposition on the physiology of animals and, therefore, should be accomplished with great care and proper vigilance. Rapid, ‘crash’ induction of anesthesia should be avoided in hypotension‐prone animals and slow, prolonged induction should be avoided in animals with respiratory disorders. It is not recommended to implement an unfamiliar protocol in critical patients, even if it might be pharmacologically preferable. Familiarity with an anesthetic drug is a very important reason for its selection.

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“…Anesthetic levels can cause impaired metabolism in coronary microvasculature (Hatano et al, 1990;Paddleford, 1988;Trulson and Ulissey, 1987). There are also indications of a dosedependent respiratory depression causing a reduction in tidal volume (Rock et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of monastral blue as a vascular label: Rapid rate of clearance is age‐dependent, and interactions with anesthetics depress arterial blood pressure in rats

Drake¹,

Creighan²,

Sims³

1992

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Monastral blue (MB) has been described as an inexpensive, nontoxic vascular label. Discrepancies as to its rate of removal from circulation and physiological side effects prompted this study in which retention time of MB in the vascular system and effects of MB upon arterial blood pressure with different anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital) were measured in rats. Arterial pressure was monitored during intravenous infusion of MB with or without Evans blue, an albumin label. Localized areas of leakage were created by injecting 30 microL of 10(-4) M histamine into abdominal dermis at -2, 0, 5, 7, 10, and 15 minutes from infusion of MB. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 25-30% after MB infusion when halothane or isoflurane was used, but not with pentobarbital. Sites which leaked at 10 and 15 minutes did not usefully label with MB, although Evans blue-labelled albumin appeared in the interstitium. Younger, lighter rats (125-200 vs. 200-250 gm) retained MB longer in circulation, and had a shorter duration of MB-induced hypotension. Spectrophotometric analysis of rat serum showed rapid elimination of MB from the vascular system, with a half-life of 3.5 +/- 1.9 minutes. While MB remains a useful vascular label, its rapid removal from the circulation and its hypotensive effect must be recognized.

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Halothane Alters the Oxygen Consumption-Oxygen Delivery Relationship Compared with Conscious State

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery

Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery

Comparative cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sedatives and anesthetic agents and anesthetic drug selection for the trauma patient

Limitations of monastral blue as a vascular label: Rapid rate of clearance is age‐dependent, and interactions with anesthetics depress arterial blood pressure in rats

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