Hamaker Constants in Integrated Circuit Metalization

Eichenlaub, Sean; Chan, Carly; Beaudoin, Stephen P.

doi:10.1006/jcis.2002.8241

Cited by 74 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In all three methods the geometrical characterization of both tip and sample is necessary. The first method consists in fitting the attractive part of the force-distance curve with one of the force laws listed in Table 3, depending on the geometry [315]. This procedure can be somewhat difficult due to the short interaction range and the very small forces.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Butt

Cappella

Kappl

2005

Surface Science Reports

3,245

2,949

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Butt

Cappella

Kappl

2005

Surface Science Reports

3,245

2,949

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“…The Hamaker constant for the sole particles, A particle , was obtained from the following equation (Eichenlaub et al 2002):…”

Section: Hamaker Constant Of Flame-formed Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame-Formed Carbon Nanoparticles: Morphology, Interaction Forces, and Hamaker Constant from AFM

Falco

Commodo

Minutolo

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Interaction forces acting between combustion-generated carbon particles were studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To this aim, carbon nanoparticles were produced in fuelrich ethylene/air laminar premixed flames with different equivalent ratios F, and analyzed at a fixed residence time in the flame. Particles were collected on mica substrates by means of a thermophoretic sampling system and then analyzed by AFM. A characterization of particle dimension and morphology were performed operating AFM in semicontact mode, showing that the shape of the particles collected on a sampling plate is never spherical. Increasing the flame-equivalent ratio, particle shape moves from an almost atomically thick object to thicker compounds, indicating the transformation from particles made of small, defective graphene-like sheets to particles containing stacked aromatic layers. Attractive and adhesive forces between a titanium nitride probe and sampled particles were calculated from force-distance curves acquired in AFM force spectroscopy mode. Assuming that van der Walls forces are the main contribution to attractive forces, the measurement of attractive forces allowed the evaluation of the Hamaker constant for the carbon particles as a function of the flame-equivalent ratio. The comparison of the measured Hamaker constants with the values for benzene and HOPG, suggests a continuous increase of the aromatic domains and the three-dimensional order within the particles when the flame-equivalent ratio increases.

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“…A summary of the studies is given in Table 1. We also address other measurements that can be made with the AFM and that are of potential interest to pMDIs such as determination of particle density 81,82) and Hamaker constant 59,83) .…”

Section: The Afm and The Development Of Propellantbased Inhalation Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of Hamaker constant is, therefore, of great relevance for the understanding of fundamental colloidal phenomena associated with pMDIs 95) . The Hamaker constant (AH) can be calculated from spectral or optical properties of materials through various approaches [96][97] , and also using AFM 59,83) . For the interaction between particles with a spherical geometry and a flat surface, the Hamaker constant can in principle be obtained by fitting the attractive part of the force-distance AFM curve to equation F -AHR/6D 2 , where R is the radius of curvature of the tip and D is the separation distance.…”

Section: Hamaker Constant By Cpmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative method to determine AH is based on the measurement of adhesion force as the AFM tip is pulled out of contact with sample surface. This approach takes into account various parameters such as sur face roughness, particle geometry, and elastic properties of the interacting materials 59,83) . There have been several theories that have addressed the determination of AH from CPM experiments [98][99][100] .…”

Section: Hamaker Constant By Cpmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of the Atomic Force Microscope in the Development of Propellant-based Inhalation Formulations

Rocha

2008

KONA

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Hamaker Constants in Integrated Circuit Metalization

Cited by 74 publications

References 31 publications

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Flame-Formed Carbon Nanoparticles: Morphology, Interaction Forces, and Hamaker Constant from AFM

Applications of the Atomic Force Microscope in the Development of Propellant-based Inhalation Formulations

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