Objectives-To determine the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LNUX) for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).Methods-We performed a retrospective review of all UTUC patients who underwent LNUX performed at our institution between January 2003 and June 2010. We compared differences in demographic, clinicopathological, and operative parameters, including estimated blood loss, duration of surgery, length of postoperative hospitalization, and number of complications, between patients who underwent LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients who underwent LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of complications.Results-We identified 82 UTUC patients who underwent LNUX; 26 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who underwent LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a higher body mass index, higher biopsy tumor grade, and longer operative time than patients who underwent LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent regional lymphadenectomy more often, with more lymph nodes and lymphoadipose tissue removed, than patients who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in a 15% complete remission rate. No differences in median estimated blood loss, intraoperative transfusions, and length of hospitalization between the two groups were found. Perioperative complication rates were similar in both groups.Conclusions-We found no differences in surgical outcomes between patients who underwent LNUX after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients who underwent LNUX without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings support the use of LNUX in selected patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for UTUC.