“…In the hardware-based method, an expensive sensor is employed for image acquisition from which the constraints about liveness such as the thermal facial map, blood pressure, perspiration, hand-vein temperature, and other salient features are computed [20], [24], [31], [51], [17]. Technological advancements of the sensor devices offer to acquire the thermal [20], [24], [51], [17], [4] and hyperspectral [25] images, which direct to devise high-security measures such as liveness detection to discard the fake hand biometric samples. On the contrary, the software-based method discriminates between the real and counterfeit images using a computable characteristic, such as visual quality assessment [57], [45], [49], [52], [29], [48], [30], [37].…”