Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals

Mackay, Donald

doi:10.1201/9781420044393

Cited by 901 publications

(1,037 citation statements)

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“…In dark conditions, anthracene, pyrene and benzo[a]-pyrene were not ecologically toxic to R. decussatus embryos since their EC 50 values (361.1, 113.8, 7.15 lgl -1 , respectively) were above their respective seawater solubility limits (45, 130 and 3.8 lgl -1 , respectively) (Mackay et al 1992;Callahan et al 1979;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1982).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Fathallah

Medhioub

Kraïem

2012

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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In this work, we assessed the photo-toxicity of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to embryos and larvae of the European clam Ruditapes decussatus. The exposure of R. decussatus embryos (24 h) and larvae (96 h) to anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene resulted in reduction of normal D-veliger percentages and high larval mortality, both in darkness and under sunlight conditions. Based on the calculated EC(50) and LC(50) values, the toxicity of the forementioned PAHs was respectively enhanced 72, 35, 60 and 23 times in the embryotoxicity test and 32, 31, 12 and 61 times in the larval mortality test when exposures were performed under sunlight conditions. Simultaneous exposure to sunlight and these PAHs enhanced their toxicity in comparison to dark conditions. The clam embryos and larvae appear to be environmentally relevant life-stages in assessing the toxic and photo-toxic risk of PAHs that enter the marine environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Fathallah

Medhioub

Kraïem

2012

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…Some of the key properties of the dioxins are presented in Table 1 and full physico-chemical properties have been reviewed (Mackay et al 1992;US EPA-16131994. There are 75 PCDDs and 135 PCDFs, each differing in the number and position of the chlorine atoms.…”

Section: Chemical Structures and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 General formula of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The possible number of chlorine atoms results in 75 PCDD congeners and 135 PCDF congeners (x = 1-4, y = 0-4), and 209 PCB congeners (x = 1-5, y = 0-5) (Baars et al 2004) Table 1 Typical physicochemical properties of PCDD/Fs (after Mackay et al 1992;US EPA-16131994 Homologue group Vapour pressure (mmHg at 25°C)…”

Section: Toxic Equivalent Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental and human samples: a review

Srogi

2007

Environ Chem Lett

180

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The term ''dioxins'' is often used in a confusing way. In toxicological considerations-and also in the present report-the term is used to designate the PCDDs, the PCDFs and the coplanar (''dioxin-like'') PCBs, since these classes of compounds show the same type of toxicity. Because of the large number of congeners, relevant individual congeners are assigned with a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) that relate their toxicity to that of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and are to be evaluated as dioxins. Each concentration of an individual congener in a mixture is multiplied with its TEF, and the resulting TCDD equivalents are added up and expressed as WHO-endorsed toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQ). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are mainly the by-products of industrial processes (such as metallurgical processing, bleaching of paper pulp, and the manufacturing of some herbicides and pesticides) but they can also result from natural processes like volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Waste incineration, particularly if combustion is incomplete, is among the largest contributors to the release of PCDDs and PCDFs into the environment. Due to their persistence, PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs are part of the socalled persistent organic pollutants group of compounds that also include some chlorinated pesticides. Since they have a high lipophilicity and resist transformation, they bio-accumulate in animal and human adipose tissues. Consumption of food is considered as the major source of non-occupational human exposure to PCDD/Fs with foodstuffs from animal origin accounting for more than 90% of the human body burden. With meat, dairy, and fish products being the main contributors. The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data regarding dioxin emissions from contaminated and uncontaminated biological and environmental samples, from the available literature. The information will be presented chronologically with respect to distribution in human milk, serum; food, water, air, soils and sediments.

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“…In particular, PAHs derive from a variety of "point" and "non-point" sources such as wastewater effluents 8 , accidental oil spills 9 , commercial and military boat/ship traffic, direct deposition (atmospheric fallout 10 ) of combustion particles (soot) from vehicle exhaust 11 , factories and domestic heating 8 , rainwater runoff 12,13 . Transport into the marine environment occurs both via surface waters and through the atmosphere; in the water column PAHs are associated with particulate material 14,15 due to their low aqueous solubility and high octanolwater partition coefficients 16 (K OW ). The deposition of these particles in coastal waters can lead to an accumulation of PAHs in sediment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Occurence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH_s) in Sediments from the Mar Grande and Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy)

Cardellicchio

Buccolieri²,

Giandomenico

et al. 2006

Annali di Chimica

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Marine sediments from the Mar Grande and Gulf of Taranto were analysed for 17 parent PAHs, with molecular weight from 128 to 278 Daltons. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total PAHs content in sediments ranged from 464 to 12522 microg kg(-1) dry wt for Mar Grande and from 593 to 72275 microg kg(-1) dry wt for Gulf of Taranto. The analytical results were compared with the published results for other coastal areas in the Mediterranean Sea. PAHs levels in the Gulf of Taranto sediments were the highest in the Mediterranean sea, while PAHs concentrations in Mar Grande were higher than the ones reported in the Adriatic and Cretan Sea and with the same order of magnitude of the ones known for coastal areas of the Western and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. PAHs concentration ratios were consistent with the main source of these compounds, in most areas, being pyrolysis. Based on the comparison of both the individual and the total PAHs concentrations with proposed sediment quality guidelines, the acute biological effects on the marine organisms were probable, especially for the Gulf of Taranto, in which almost all PAHs concentrations in sediments were higher than the guidelines limit values. The statistical analysis effected by HCA and PCA methods was used in order to classify sediment samples and to identify accumulation areas.

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Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals

Cited by 901 publications

References 0 publications

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental and human samples: a review

Distribution and Occurence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH_s) in Sediments from the Mar Grande and Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy)

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Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals

Cited by 901 publications

References 0 publications

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Photo-induced Toxicity of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Embryos and Larvae of the Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus

Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental and human samples: a review

Distribution and Occurence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments from the Mar Grande and Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy)

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Distribution and Occurence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH_s) in Sediments from the Mar Grande and Gulf of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy)