Handheld tympanometer measurements in conscious dogs for the evaluation of the middle ear and auditory tube

Strain, George M.; Fernandes, Asia J.

doi:10.1111/vde.12195

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In a study (11) cats were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine to perform tympanometry. Although the results were not mentioned, this anaesthesia protocol was suggested to preserve compliance (12). All cases were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine in this study prevented any anaesthesia related changes in tympanometry values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative ranges of tympanometric measurements in cats

Şirin

2020

Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University

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Middle ear diseases are common in cats. The aim of this study was to determine the normative tympanometric data of cats. Tympanometry, which provides objective data in the examination of the middle ear in humans, can be used as a supplementary examination, especially in cats with middle ear diseases where the external ear canal is normal. In this study, 30 healthy ears belonging to 15 cats which were classified as ASA-I (American Society of Anesthesiologyist) were determined and evaluated according to equivalent ear canal volume (V ea ), static acoustic admittance [Y tm (compliance)], tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) and gradient values under general anesthesia. Tympanometric measurements obtained from right and left ears were 0.61 ± 0.12 ml and 0.60 ± 0.12 ml V ea , 0.31 ± 0.11 ml and 0.31 ± 0.11 ml Y tm , -11.2 ± 26.9 daPa and -14.9 ± 29.2 daPa TPP, 0.19 ± 0.11 ml and 0.24 ± 0.18 ml gradient respectively.Tympanometry as a supplementary examination is an easy to perform test in healthy cats with consistent results. It has the advantages of being completed in a short time, easy evaluation and providing information about middle ear without advanced imaging techniques. Results of this study represents the normative tympanometric measurements of cats which can be helpful distinguishing normal and abnormal conditions. Further studies needed to present exact values of standart tympanometric measurements and to introduce other variables like acustic refleks, wideband and multifrequency tympanometric results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative ranges of tympanometric measurements in cats

Şirin

2020

Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University

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“…This non-invasive method of examining the function of the middle ear involves varying the atmospheric pressure in the external ear canal and inferring the amount of sound energy that is transmitted through the tympanum by measuring the reflected sound energy. 120,125,126 Pressure is typically varied from -400 to +200 daPa (decaPascals or mmH 2 o) while a continuous 226 Hz tone is presented, and the intensity of reflected sound is measured and plotted as a function of ear canal pressure. The resulting graph displays the compliance (or static acoustic impedance or admittance) of the tympanum.…”

Section: Baer Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hearing disorders in cats: Classification, pathology and diagnosis

Strain

2017

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Auditory function is a sense that is central to life for cats - being important in situational awareness of potential predators, pursuit of prey, and for communication with conspecifics, humans and other species. Deafness in cats is most frequently the result of a genetic disorder, strongly associated with white fur and blue eyes, but may also result from acquired causes such as advancing age, ototoxic drugs, infection, environmental noise and physical trauma. Deafness can be sensorineural, where there is loss of cochlear hair cells, or conductive, where sound is muffled on its way to the inner ear. Clinical challenges: Establishing whether a cat is deaf can be difficult as behavioral testing of hearing is subjective and does not reliably detect unilateral deafness. Brainstem auditory evoked response testing is an objective measure but is limited in its availability. Currently, sensorineural deafness is irreversible because no treatments are available to restore lost hair cells. Conductive hearing loss can usually be treated, although full hearing recovery following otitis media may take weeks as the body clears the middle ear of debris. Evidence base: The author draws on the published literature and his extensive research on clinical aspects and molecular genetics of deafness, principally in companion animals, to review types and forms of deafness in cats. He also discusses current diagnostic approaches and provides brief advice for managing cats with hearing loss.

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“…video-otoscopy (VO) and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently applied to diagnose OM ( Belmudes et al., 2018 ; Classen, Bruehschwein, Meyer-Lindenberg & Mueller, 2016 ; Garosi, Dennis & Schwarz, 2003 ). For detection of middle ear disease, such procedures as radiography, ultrasound of MEC, tympanometry with handheld tympanometers, otoscopy and palpation of TM with a blunt probe, as well as virtual otoscopy were evaluated in canine ears ( Classen et al., 2016 ; Hol, Walker, 1997 ; Little, Lane, 1989 ; Strain, Fernandes, 2015 ). CT scans have become widely available and currently are considered the gold standard for diagnosis of middle ear problems ( Classen et al., 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel video-endoscope-guided myringotomy technique in dogs: Investigation in the value of vertical access to the tympanic membrane from beneath the patient - a pilot study

Mohammaddavoodi

Kneissl

Hirt

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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Myringotomy is a well-accepted method for diagnosing and treating otitis media in dogs having an intact tympanic membrane. In a recent study, the contamination rate of middle ear aspirates from the external ear canal via myringotomy was 67%. To evaluate the iatrogenic contamination rate of the middle ear aspirates by material from the ear canal, using a novel technique: Vertical access to the tympanic membrane from beneath the patient. Thirty-six ears from 20 canine Fresh cadavers with a CT scan negative for otitis externa and otitis media were video-otoscopically flushed with the ear upside. The instillation of the fluorescent dye into the ear canal and immediate retrieval were performed. With the patient positioned on a custom-made fenestrated table plate, a modified video-otoscopically guided myringotomy approaching the tympanum vertically from underneath, was performed. Contamination rates were assessed by the visual detection of fluorescent dye within the aspirated fluid, either by yellow staining solely, or a positive fluorescence test. Cytology and microbial cultivation were accomplished. Middle ear sample contamination by the material from the ear canal was identified in 2 of 36 (5.55%) ears. Neither a change in colour nor fluorescence was detected in 34 of 36 (94.44%) middle ear samples. Sixteen of 36 (44.44%) external ear canal samples and 4 of 36 (11.11%) middle ear aspirates had positive bacterial culture. This novel technique is a promising method for middle ear material collection in patients with concurrent otitis externa.

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Handheld tympanometer measurements in conscious dogs for the evaluation of the middle ear and auditory tube

Abstract: Tympanograms can be recorded in conscious dogs to assist in the evaluation of the middle ear structures.

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Normative ranges of tympanometric measurements in cats

Normative ranges of tympanometric measurements in cats

Hearing disorders in cats: Classification, pathology and diagnosis

A novel video-endoscope-guided myringotomy technique in dogs: Investigation in the value of vertical access to the tympanic membrane from beneath the patient - a pilot study

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