With 6 figures in the text) Wild house mice, Mus musculus L., were trapped on a farm, and bred in the laboratory at two environmental temperatures, 21 "C and -3°C. The reproductive performance of 12 pairs of the second generation reared in the laboratory was recorded to the age of two years; ten pairs of the first generation were transferred to -3°C at mating, and were similarly observed for two years. The wild mice at 21 "C resembled inbred laboratory mice in litter size and the weight of young at three weeks, but produced many more litters:nestling mortality was about 16%. The fertility of the wild mice was, however, inferior to that of some outbred laboratory mice. At -3°C the number of litters per pair was about half that at 21 "C, and nestling mortality was over 50%; losses were mainly of whole litters. Litters at birth tended to be larger at -3°C; the young aged three weeks were heavier in the cold environment. At birth, fifth litters were largest at 21"C, and fourth litters at -3°C.