Handling of phosphate by the human kidney at high plasma concentrations

Longson, Donald; Mills, J. N.; Thomas, Sophie; Yates, Paul

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005482

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It is also generally believed that phosphate reabsorption reaches Tm values at high plasma levels and that Tm is independent of the GFR (17)(18)(19). Some investigators, however, have suggested that phosphate reabsorption is dependent upon the amount filtered at all plasma levels, and have attributed differences in reabsorption to differences in the number of nephrons functioning (20). To measure the renal capacity for excretion of P, we have used the classical test of Tmp under phosphate loading with simultaneous determination of GFR by inulin clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Effects of Human Growth Hormone on Renal Hemodynamics and on Tubular Phosphate Transport in Man*

Corvilain¹,

Abramow²

1962

J. Clin. Invest.

209

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It has been repeatedly shown that human growth hormone (HGH) affects phosphorus metabolism in patients with hypopituitarism and in normal subjects. Injection of HGH leads to a decrease of urinary phosphorus within a day (1-3). Whereas serum phosphorus does not change or rises only slightly in short-term experiments (1), it has been reported that it rises with long-term treatment (4). Whereas the decrease of urinary phosphorus associated with an unchanged or rising serum phosphorus suggests that growth hormone decreases renal clearance of phosphate, the mechanism for these effects has not been defined. In the dog, growth hormone has been shown to raise glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), tubular maximal secretion of para-aminohippurate (TmPAH) (5-7), and tubular maximal reabsorption of sulfate (Tmso4) (8). Effects on renal phosphate clearance have not been reported. The present study was undertaken to determine whether HGH affects the ability of the human kidney to reabsorb phosphate. For this purpose, maximum tubular phosphate reabsorption (Tmpo4) was measured before and after administration of growth hormone. Effects of the hormone on GFR and on RPF were also studied.The results indicate that HGH increases the phosphate Tm, the GFR, and the RPF. MATERIAL AND METHODSGrowth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands removed at autopsy and stored in acetone. Two lots were used in this study: one prepared by Dr. Maurice Raben, and one prepared by ourselves with Raben's method (9). The HGH was dissolved in 1.5 ml of 0.1 N * This work was supported in part by grants from the Paul Govaerts Foundation and the Lekime-Ropsy Foundation.HCl per 100 mg of dry powder, and then diluted with distilled water until 100 mg was contained in 25 ml of solution. The final pH of the solution was about 3.5.Inj ections were given intramuscularly once a day at 7 a.m. Eleven male subjects were studied: one dwarf with hypopituitarism, one hypophysectomized former acromegalic, and nine subjects free of endocrinologic disorders. Brief case descriptions are given in the Appendix.Plan of study. All patients were hospitalized and received constant diets throughout the study. Water intake was ad libitum. After an adjustment period of 5 days, urine was collected in 24-hour pools for determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. GFR, Tmpo4 and RPF were measured at the end of the control period which lasted 5 days, and on the fourth day of treatment with growth hormone. Treatment with growth hormone was begun on the third day after the control determination of renal function and was continued for 4 days.Renal studies were begun at 8:30 a.m., after food had been withheld for 14 hours. The bladder was catheterized with a rubber catheter, which remained in place throughout the experiment. (For two individuals, VP and DP, who were able to void at will, catheterization was omitted.) Large amounts of water were given by mouth to maintain urine volume. Blood was drawn for blank determination and for c...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Effects of Human Growth Hormone on Renal Hemodynamics and on Tubular Phosphate Transport in Man*

Corvilain¹,

Abramow²

1962

J. Clin. Invest.

209

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“…In some periods a change in hydration or the previous performance of a painful or nauseous procedure may have caused a change in the endogenous production of vasopressin; in others the causes of such changes in flow were uncertain. Tables IB and IC present the relative changes in urinary creatinine and inulin concentrations on 30 such occasions during 19 experiments on 5 subjects (D, L, M, T, and Y) (15,16) in whom the flow increased or decreased abruptly by at least 25%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experiments were originally designed as investigations on phosphate Tm (15) and on the acute renal effects of cortisone and hydrocortisone in man (16). Full technical details of experimental procedures were given in previous publications (15,16) other details are presented in the Results.Groups II experiments were performed on three healthy males, ages 28, 36, and 46 years, who had previously been on normal diets. After a morning of performing routine laboratory duties, subjects emptied their bladders between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m., sat down, and drank a large dose of water (20 ml per kg body wt) within 5 to 15 minutes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Solute Excretion in Man during Changing Urine Flow Occurring Spontaneously and Induced by Vasopressin Injection*

Thomas¹

1964

J. Clin. Invest.

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Studies of the effect of vasopressin on urinary excretion of electrolytes have usually compared urinary outputs or clearances before hormone injection, in periods of stable urine flows, to clearances after injection (1; see 2-4 for reviews of the extensive literature). There are few data concerning solute excretion during the transition from diuresis to antidiuresis; in this phase, accumulation of progressively more concentrated fluid in the dead space of the renal tract invalidates conventional calculations of solute excretory rates and clearances, which require steady-state conditions (5, 6).Study of the transition from diuresis to antidiuresis is, however, potentially useful in determining whether differences between medullary solute concentrations in diuresis and antidiuresis (7-10) and the operation of countercurrent mechanisms (11, 12) involve changes in tubular solute transport. Furthermore, nonsteady-state conditions can provide information about renal solute transport mechanisms, as in Chinard's technique of comparing urinary concentrations before and after injection of solutes into the renal artery (13).Accordingly, I have determined changes in solute concentrations in samples obtained as frequently as possible during the rapid decline in flow after iv injection of vasopressin. A similar technique was recently used in the dog (14). The rationale of the present experimental design is that if the only event involved in urinary concentration is the abstraction of water from the nephron, then changes in the concentrations of the various urinary solutes, relative to those in * Submitted for publication December 17, 1962; accepted September 11, 1963. Reported in part at a Colloquium on Hormones and the Kidney, organized by the Society for Endocrinology, at Cambridge, England, September 19-21, 1962. diuretic periods, should be equal for all solutes. If a change also occurs in tubular reabsorption of some solute, its increase in urinary concentration, relative to a preceding diuretic steady state, would be different from that of another solute. In particular, a change in the concentration of solute compared with that of a "glomerular substance" (13) such as inulin would provide an index of the direction and magnitude of any change in tubular solute transport. MethodsGroup I experiments, performed on five healthy male subjects, ages 23 to 42 years, provide data on the relationship between endogenous creatinine and inulin excretion in a wide variety of circumstances, including changes in urine flow. The experiments were originally designed as investigations on phosphate Tm (15) and on the acute renal effects of cortisone and hydrocortisone in man (16). Full technical details of experimental procedures were given in previous publications (15,16) other details are presented in the Results.Groups II experiments were performed on three healthy males, ages 28, 36, and 46 years, who had previously been on normal diets. After a morning of performing routine laboratory duties, subjects emptied their bladders betwe...

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“…The circadian rhythm in phosphate excretion is commonly paralleled by a rhythm in plasma phosphate concentration (Mills, 1966) and plasma concentration is known to be a major influence on urinary excretion (Anderson, 1955;Longson, Mills, Thomas & Yates, 1956), operating 590 J. N. MILLS, D. S. MINORS AND J. M. WATERHOUSE through a Tm mechanism, though hormonal influences and varying glomerular filtration also affect excretion. The correlation we have observed in group J is probably as good as can be expected without more frequent sampling; but the lack of correlation on the seventh free-running day suggests that some other factor was now determining the phosphate excretory rhythm.…”

Section: Free-running Circadian Rhythms In Man 581mentioning

confidence: 99%

The circadian rhythms of human subjects without timepieces or indication of the alternation of day and night

Mills¹,

Minors²,

Waterhouse³

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Seven solitary subjects, and two groups of four, spent from 5 to 13 days in an isolation unit without knowledge of time. Three solitary subjects and one group of four adopted fairly regular activity habits with a period of 25–27 h; one subject adopted a period of 30 h, and one of 27 h initially, decreasing to 24–25 h after a few days. One group of four awoke roughly every 24 h, after a sleep which was alternately about 8 h, or about 4 h and believed by the subjects to be an afternoon siesta. Two solitary subjects alternated sleeps of about 8 or 16 h, separated by 24 h of activity. 2. Deep temperature in all subjects oscillated with a period of 24–26 h, which was thus commonly distinct from their activity habits. 3. Urinary potassium followed a rhythm whose period, though usually close to, was sometimes distinct from, that of temperature. A secondary period corresponding to that of activity was also sometimes present. 4. Urinary sodium and chloride usually gave evidence of two periodic components, one corresponding to activity and the other to the rhythm of either temperature or of urinary potassium. 5. Urinary creatinine and phosphate usually followed the subject's routine of activity. 6. Plasma samples were collected on a few occasions and analysed for phosphate and 11–hydroxycorticosteroids. Changes in plasma phosphate were usually, but not always, associated with similar changes in urinary phosphate, and changes in plasma corticosteroids were often, but not always, associated with similar changes in urinary potassium shortly afterwards. 7. Observations are recorded on a subject alone in a cave for 127 days. His activity habits, though wildly variable, gave evidence of a period of 25·1 h and his urinary electrolyte excretion indicated a shorter period, of 24·6 h. During the following 3 days, when he remained in the cave but was visited frequently, his plasma corticosteroids and urinary potassium oscillated with a period of 16 h. 8. The possible mechanisms controlling these rhythms are discussed.

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Handling of phosphate by the human kidney at high plasma concentrations

Cited by 30 publications

References 20 publications

Some Effects of Human Growth Hormone on Renal Hemodynamics and on Tubular Phosphate Transport in Man*

Some Effects of Human Growth Hormone on Renal Hemodynamics and on Tubular Phosphate Transport in Man*

Solute Excretion in Man during Changing Urine Flow Occurring Spontaneously and Induced by Vasopressin Injection*

The circadian rhythms of human subjects without timepieces or indication of the alternation of day and night

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