Haplotype Trees and Modern Human Origins

Templeton, Alan R.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.20351

Cited by 183 publications

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“…Gene trees based on living humans will only pick up evidence from the ancestors of living humans, and if we are all descended from a single recent (o200 000 years) expansion out of Africa, then there should be no evidence of any earlier expansions. In other words, speciation and complete replacement should erase any genetic evidence for earlier speciation (Templeton, 2005(Templeton, , 2007. If confirmed, evidence of multiple expansions might point to a model of human evolution where the transition between one paleospecies and the next occurred through anagenesis.…”

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is important to keep in mind that such methods work back only as far as the MRCA. Because of the coalescent process, all genetic variation coalesces to the MRCA and thus no information is available for population history before this individual (Templeton, 2005).…”

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of difference in mutation rates and genetic drift, different DNA markers may have different evolutionary histories. As such, evolutionary inferences based on one DNA marker do not necessarily apply to others, and multiple loci must be examined in order to begin to build a picture of a population's history (Templeton, 2005). In addition, potential problems such as recurrent mutation make an exclusive focus on mtDNA alone problematic.…”

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, more effort has been made to look at the question of modern human origins using multiple-locus comparisons. The most comprehensive of these analyses has been performed by Templeton (2005Templeton ( , 2007 who examined 25 DNA regions: mtDNA, Y chromosome DNA, 11 X-linked markers and 12 autosomal markers using a 6-Myr-old date for the human-chimpanzee divergence for calibration. Using a method known as nested-clade phylogeographic analysis, Templeton found that 15 of these markers showed evidence of geographic expansion.…”

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate

Relethford

2008

Heredity

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A continued debate in anthropology concerns the evolutionary origin of 'anatomically modern humans' (Homo sapiens sapiens). Different models have been proposed to examine the related questions of (1) where and when anatomically modern humans first appeared and (2) the genetic and evolutionary relationship between modern humans and earlier human populations. Genetic data have been increasingly used to address these questions. Genetic data on living human populations have been used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the human species by considering how global patterns of human variation could be produced given different evolutionary scenarios. Of particular interest are gene trees that reconstruct the time and place of the most recent common ancestor of humanity for a given haplotype and the analysis of regional differences in genetic diversity. Ancient DNA has also allowed a direct assessment of genetic variation in European Neandertals. Together with the fossil record, genetic data provide insight into the origin of modern humans. The evidence points to an African origin of modern humans dating back to 200 000 years followed by later expansions of moderns out of Africa across the Old World. What is less clear is what happened when these early modern humans met preexisting 'archaic human' populations outside of Africa. At present, it is difficult to distinguish between a model of total genetic replacement and a model that includes some degree of genetic mixture.

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Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Genetic Evidence: Gene Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate

Relethford

2008

Heredity

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“…Além disso, existe uma heterogeneidade nas taxas de evolução do DNA mitocondrial, permitindo que diferentes regiões da molécula possam ser utilizadas para analisar diferenciação em diferentes níveis taxonômicos (Simon et al 1994;Li, 1997;Avise, 2009 Dessa maneira, os tempos de coalescência para os genes mitocondriais são cerca de três e quatro vezes menores do que para os genes ligados ao X e autossômicos, respectivamente (Templeton, 2005;Templeton, 2006). Por esse motivo, é esperado menos efeito de lineage sorting incompleto em genes mitocondriais em relação aos genes nucleares, o que pode ser uma vantagem em estudos evolutivos com espécies de divergência recente.…”

Section: 1 Citocromo Oxidase I E Iiunclassified

Filogenia do Complexo Drosophila Buzzatii (Grupo Repleta): Inferências de Análises Multilocus Mitocondriais e Nucleares.

Ferreira¹

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Filogenia do complexoOrientador: Prof a . Dr a . Maura Helena Manfrin RIBEIRÃO PRETO 2011Autorizo a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho para fins de estudo, desde que citada a fonte. Dedico à minha companheira Caroline, com amor. FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA AGRADECIMENTOSEm especial à Prof a . Dr a . Maura Helena Manfrin (FFCLRP/USP), por ter confiado em meu potencial e me orientado de forma tão prestativa e paciente. Obrigado por todos os ensinamentos, pela motivação e, principalmente, pela amizade.Ao Prof. Dr. Fábio de Melo Sene (FMRP/USP), por todos os ensinamentos, idéias, discussões e, principalmente, pelas histórias compartilhadas nos cafés do laboratório.Ao Prof. Dr. Reinaldo O. A. A. de Brito (UFSCar), pela ajuda com o alinhamento das sequências e sugestões.Ao Prof. Dr. Iderval da Silva Junior Sobrinho (UFSCar), pelas discussões sobre estatística e seleção.Aos professores da banca examinadora, pela disponibilidade em analisar este trabalho.Às amigas Carla Bruniera e Dr a . Érica Cristina de Carvalho, pela fundamental ajuda nas análises filogenéticas.Aos amigos do laboratório, Paulo Epifânio, Mateus Henrique, Luís Bizzo, Camila Kokudai, Cintia Graziela, Gislaine Rodrigues e Taís Lavagnini, por estarem sempre dispostos a me ajudar e por tornarem a convivência no laboratório tão agradável. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela bolsa de mestrado. À CAPES, FINEP, FAPESP, CNPq e USP que fornecem verbas para a manutenção do Laboratório de Genética Evolutiva.Ao Departamento de Genética da FMRP/USP, pela disponibilização de recursos.À toda a minha família, em especial aos meus pais, Manoel Ferreira Dionísio Jr.e Rosimeiry Ap. Fransak Davanso, ao meu padrasto, Carlos Roberto Davanso, e aos meus avós, Narciso Fransak, Olga Alves Fransak e Elza Peroni, por toda dedicação e por terem sempre me incentivado e investido em minha formação.À minha querida companheira Caroline dos Santos Rodrigues, pela paciência, carinho, apoio e dedicação. et al. 1996). Tal abordagem é essencial para o entendimento das relações filogenéticas, especialmente entre espécies de divergência recente, nas quais existe pouca divergência morfológica e genética, possibilitando a análise dos processos microevolutivos pelos quais a diversidade biológica é gerada em eventos de especiação (Machado & Hey, 2003). O complexo Drosophila buzzatiiO gênero Drosophila é dividido hierarquicamente em "subgêneros", "grupos", "subgrupos", "complexos" e "clusters" de espécies. Embora não reconhecida pelo Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica, essa classificação é amplamente utilizada em estudos envolvendo espécies desse gênero (Bächli, 2010 Marcadores molecularesAnálises usando múltiplas fontes de informação têm se multiplicado em estudos de evolução. Uma das razões para este fato é que quanto mais aprendemos sobre o processo evolutivo, torna-se evidente que diferentes conjuntos de dados não são equivalentes (Huelsenbeck et al. 1996;Avise, 2009 .1. Citocromo oxidase I e IIO DNA mitocondrial apresenta muitas carac...

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Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Their Phylogeographic Interpretation

Macaulay

Richards

2013

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The strong phylogenetic signal provided by mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) sequences within species is being exploited to reconstruct the maternal genealogy and anchor it in space and time. This is the starting point for interpretations of the processes in population history that led to those patterns, as illustrated here for humans. Mitochondrial phylogeography began by revolutionising our view of modern human origins, with the demonstration that modern humans dispersed from Africa approximately 60 000 years ago. Now benefitting from the high genealogical and chronological resolution afforded by whole‐mtDNA sequences, and despite the advent of genome‐wide analyses, mtDNA continues to illuminate prehistoric settlement and dispersal history. It has often led to challenges to received wisdom, such as the stress on pre‐Neolithic dispersals at the end of the Ice Age in many parts of the world, and the database of contemporary variation is currently being augmented by rapidly increasing information from ancient DNA. Key Concepts: Mitochondrial DNA is now routinely analysed at the level of whole‐mtDNA genome sequences. The human mtDNA gene tree is an estimate of the maternal genealogy and preserves a record of the dispersal history of our species, in the distribution of its branching points in space and time, or ‘phylogeography’. A time scale is provided by an independently calibrated mutation rate, the ‘molecular clock’, which is now available for whole‐mtDNA sequences and allows for the effects of purifying selection. Although phylogeographic inference can be criticised for lacking a formal hypothesis testing framework, proposed alternatives based on simulation are currently insufficient to tackle the nuances of real human dispersal histories. Variation in mtDNA has led to a number of revolutionary models in human evolutionary history, beginning with the African origin of modern humans. More recent suggestions have included a single southern‐coastal dispersal route out of Africa and the importance to the shaping of extant human diversity of hunter–gatherer dispersals and expansions at the end of the last Ice Age. An increasing volume of data from ancient DNA holds great promise not only for testing interpretations of contemporary variation but also for identifying both ancient processes that left no trace in the modern gene pool and more recent dispersals that studying extant cannot resolve. Genome‐wide analyses now allow both testing of hypotheses arising from mtDNA studies and access to many previously unanswerable questions, but mtDNA nevertheless retains a vital role due to its relative genealogical and chronological precision.

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Haplotype Trees and Modern Human Origins

Cited by 183 publications

References 128 publications

Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate

Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate

Filogenia do Complexo Drosophila Buzzatii (Grupo Repleta): Inferências de Análises Multilocus Mitocondriais e Nucleares.

Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Their Phylogeographic Interpretation

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