Haptoglobin gene polymorphisms and interleukin-6 and -8 levels in patients with sickle cell anemia

Abstract

BackgroundHaptoglobin genotypes, and interleukin-6 and -8 participate in the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. The expression of cytokines is regulated by genetic mechanisms however the effect of haptoglobin polymorphisms on these cytokines is not fully understood. This study aimed to compare the frequency of haptoglobin genotypes and the interleukin-6 and -8 concentrations in sickle cell anemia patients and controls to investigate the association between haptoglobin genotypes and cytokine levels.MethodsSixty sickle cell anemia patients and 74 healthy individuals were analyzed. Haptoglobin genotypes were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and the interleukin-6 and -8 levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The association between haptoglobin genotypes and cytokines was investigated by statistical tests.ResultsHp2-1 was the most common genotype in both the cases and controls while Hp1-1 was less frequent among sickle cell anemia patients. Interleukin-6 and -8 levels were higher in patients than controls (p-value <0.0001). There was no significant difference in interleukin-6 and -8 concentrations between the genotypes (p-value >0.05). A similar trend was observed among the controls.ConclusionAlthough, levels of interleukin-6 and -8 were higher in the sickle cell anemia patients, they appeared not to be related to the haptoglobin genotypes. Further investigations are necessary to identify factors responsible for increased secretion of the interleukin-6 and -8 pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with sickle cell anemia.

Haptoglobin: an emerging candidate for phenotypic modulation of sickle cell anemia?

“…The results reported by Pierrot-Gallo et al 15 do not support a conclusion that the Hp genotypes can modulate the inflammatory response in the patients they studied. Nevertheless, the possibility that Hp polymorphisms may contribute to the clinical diversity observed in this condition, in combination with other genetic and environmental factors, should not be excluded.…”

“…In this volume of the Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia , Pierrot-Gallo et al 15 analyze the possible influence of Hp genotypes on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in 60 patients with stable SCA (aged 15–50 years old, 53% males; recruited in the Hereditary Anemia Outpatient Clinic of the Hematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP, Brazil). A group of 74 apparently healthy individuals (aged 17–60 years old, 53% males; from the same Brazilian region) was used as a control.…”

“… 17 On the other hand, the Hp1-1 genotype was less represented in SCD patients from Kuwait ( n = 82) 16 and in SCA patients from the southeast of Brazil ( n = 60). 15 This disagreement may reflect the genetic background of the patients as well as the influence of environmental factors and, especially, the sample size, characteristics and quality in each study. The representativeness of the number of patients analyzed, the homogeneity of the criteria used to select patients, the presence of pediatric or adult patients in the sample and the extent to which the control groups are formed and numerically equal to or greater than the patient groups are some of the factors that can cause heterogeneity when making this type of comparison.…”

Haptoglobin Gene Polymorphism among Sickle Cell Patients in West Cameroon: Hematological and Clinical Implications

“…However, these are different from those of Olatunya et al [ 38 ] in Nigeria, Khalid and Khalil [ 39 ] in Sudan, Moreira and Naoum [ 24 ] in Brazil, and Ostrowski et al [ 23 ] in USA, where the most frequent Hp genotype in SS patients was Hp1-1 (43%, 68%, 36%, and 72%, respectively). Furthermore, the previous work of Bruna et al [ 40 ] in Brazil showed Hp2-1 as the most frequent Hp genotype in SS patients (57%). This multiplicity and the variability of results highlight the need for more studies among many cohorts with diverse ethnic backgrounds to provide more understanding on the Hp polymorphism distribution in SS patients.…”

Association between carriers of the G allele of the + 45T> G variant of the ADIPOQ gene (rs 2241766) and the cardiometabolic profile in sickle cell trait

“…The genesis of most clinical manifestations of MS can be increased in patients with HbS, which is especially linked to interrelated mechanisms, such as erythrocyte adhesion, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets to the endothelium. In addition, chronic inflammatory phenomena and cytokine production may also be correlated [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Furthermore, adipose tissue also has the secretory ability of various bioactive molecules including adiponectin which is a hormone that has antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory activity and can be considered as an important biomarker [ 11 ].…”