Hard and Soft Selection Revisited

Wallace, Bruce

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00836.x

Cited by 215 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…To take the consequences of local competition into account and, in so doing, explain how populations can sustain high genetic loads (i.e. the burden of suboptimal genotypes) without going extinct, Bruce Wallace introduced the concept of hard and soft selection [66,67]. Soft selection refers to situations where the strengths of selection coefficients s are density and frequency dependent; hard selection refers to cases where the values of s are independent of both.…”

Section: Box 1 Hard and Soft Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural selection and population dynamics

Saccheri

Hanski

2006

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

217

200

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Section: Box 1 Hard and Soft Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural selection and population dynamics

Saccheri

Hanski

2006

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

217

200

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“…Balancing or fluctuating selection across space and time (i.e. in heterogeneous environments) may contribute to the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms of individual loci, especially when selection is soft (Dempster 1955;Felsenstein 1976;Hedrick 1976Hedrick , 1986Hedrick , 2006Hedrick , 2007; that is, when selection is density and frequency dependent (Wallace 1975). Furthermore, variable selection in heterogeneous environments can also contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation.…”

Section: Hypothesis 3: Biotic Interactions Enhance the Maintenance Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Temperature and Water Availability Contribute to the Maintenance of Latitudinal Diversity by Increasing the Rate of Biotic Interactions?

Moya-Laraño

2010

TOECOLJ

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Abstract:Environmental gradients (such as average annual temperature increasing towards the tropics) are numerous across the globe. Here I propose a theory, comprised of progressive hypotheses, which links temperature and water availability to the maintenance of high genetic and phenotypic diversity in the tropics through enhanced biotic interactions. In terrestrial ecosystems higher temperatures and water availability, by allowing higher rates of mobility, growth and reproduction of organisms, should lead to higher rates of encounter among individuals in communities. Due to this, interactions in wet and warm environments, such as tropical rainforests, should be both more frequent and more diverse regardless of the number of species present. This diversity of interactions is illustrated at the genotype level, stressing whether genotypes interact positively or negatively with other genotypes, and considering species, as well as individuals, as genotypes. Such biotic interactions in environments can generate strong genotype-environment interactions that can promote the maintenance of high levels of (functional) genetic and phenotypic diversity. This can subsequently facilitate coexistence and speciation processes. The paper finishes by proposing future research to test the hypotheses and hence the overall theory presented here.

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“…The terms 'hard' and 'soft' selection were coined by Wallace (see Wallace, 1975) and have been quite popular in discussions of genetic loads. The term 'rank selection' was used by Wills (1978) in a discussion of the segregational genetic load.…”

Section: Hard Soft and Rank Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Unifying Model for the Substitutional Genetic Load

Phelps¹

1991

Math Med Biol

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In this paper, a general deterministic model for gene substitution at all segregating loci is derived. The results of a rigorous mathematical analysis of the equations are stated and found to be consistent with results derived by making typical simplifying assumptions. All previous deterministic calculations of possible rates of gene substitution and the 'substitutional genetic load' are shown to be special cases of the model. New expressions for the substitutional genetic load and rate of substitution in hard selection with cth-order epistasis are given. In addition, the concept of 'threshold selection' is generalized to less extreme 'rank selection', and formulae for the relationship between the substitution rate and the selection coefficient are given. The 'load argument' for the neutral theory is reviewed in light of the new findings and strongly rejected. Several other areas of disagreement, such as the effect of population dynamics and competition on the substitutional genetic load, are sorted out using the model. Some remarks regarding experimental input are made.

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Hard and Soft Selection Revisited

Cited by 215 publications

References 11 publications

Natural selection and population dynamics

Natural selection and population dynamics

Can Temperature and Water Availability Contribute to the Maintenance of Latitudinal Diversity by Increasing the Rate of Biotic Interactions?

A Unifying Model for the Substitutional Genetic Load

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