Harmonic generation in silicon nitride ring resonators

Levy, Jacob S.; Foster, Mark A.; Gaeta, Alexander L.; Lipson, Michal

doi:10.1364/oe.19.011415

Cited by 302 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Extremely wide-band frequency combs [64 -66], sub 100-GHz combs [67], line-by-line arbitrary optical waveform generation [68], ultrashort pulse generation [15,70], and dual frequency combs [71] have been reported. In addition, OFC harmonic generation [72] has been observed. These breakthroughs have not been possible in SOI at telecom wavelengths because of its low FOM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics

et al. 2013

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics

et al. 2013

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“…Second order optical nonlinearity (χ (2) ) is one of the most widely explored properties in photonics, utilizing various nonlinear materials [8][9][10][11][12][13]. χ (2) nonlinearity enables the coupling between photons with very different colors, acting as the basis for many important applications such as second harmonic generation, spontaneous parametric down conversion, optical parametric amplification and oscillation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

et al. 2016

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Developments in photonic chips have spurred photon based classical and quantum information processing, attributing to the high stability and scalability of integrated photonic devices [1,2]. Optical nonlinearity [3] is indispensable in these complex photonic circuits, because it allows for classical and quantum light sources, all-optical switch, modulation, and non-reciprocity in ambient environments. It is commonly known that nonlinear interactions are often greatly enhanced in the microcavities [4]. However, the manifestations of coherent photon-photon interaction in a cavity, analogous to the electromagnetically induced transparency [5], have never been reported on an integrated platform. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of the coherent photon-photon interaction induced by second order optical nonlinearity (χ (2) ) on an aluminum nitride photonic chip. The non-reciprocal nonlinear optic induced transparency is demonstrated as a result of the coherent interference between photons with different colors: ones in the visible wavelength band and ones in the telecom wavelength band. Furthermore, a wide-band frequency conversion with an almost unit internal (0.14 external) efficiency and a bandwidth up to 0.76 GHz is demonstrated.The importance of integrating nonlinear devices on a photonic chip has become more prominent due to the devices' small foot-prints and large scalability [6,7]. Second order optical nonlinearity (χ (2) ) is one of the most widely explored properties in photonics, utilizing various nonlinear materials [8][9][10][11][12][13]. χ (2) nonlinearity enables the coupling between photons with very different colors, acting as the basis for many important applications such as second harmonic generation, spontaneous parametric down conversion, optical parametric amplification and oscillation. Due to the high quality factor to mode volume ratio, the nonlinear interaction strength is expected to be boosted in optical cavities. Preliminary results in millimeter sized optical resonators have already shown such trend, where efficient second harmonic generation [14,15] and sum frequency generation [16] are demonstrated. However, the realized nonlinear interaction strength on an integrated platform is normally weak, hindered by the challenges of fabricating small size, low loss optical circuits with materials featuring high χ (2) nonlinearity.In this Letter, we demonstrate coherent interaction between photons of different colors on a scalable aluminum nitride-on-insulator [12] chip based on χ (2) optical nonlinearity. The nonlinear optic induced transparency (NOIT), as an analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency resulting from coherent photon-atom [5] or photon-phonon interactions [17][18][19][20], is reported. Due to the inherent phase matching condition, the χ (2) nonlinearity based coherent interaction and the accompanying NOIT phenomenon are non-reciprocal [19,20], which permits future applications such as non-magnetic, ultrafast optical isolators [21][22][23]. We further realize ...

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“…In silicon, however, SHG cannot be directly excited, because the second-order susceptibility vanishes in this material, as a result of the crystal centro-symmetry. Exploitation of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) has been proposed to solve this drawback and induces second-order nonlinear processes in silicon compatible structures [17][18][19][20]. More recently, Oliveira et al reported SHG in a 20 mm radius Si 3 N 4 ring resonator by using the electric field induced SHG process and calculated a conversion efficiency of about 3.68 £ 10 ¡3 with a pumping power of 75 mw [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in spite of the generally used continuous wave pump power of the fundamental frequency (FF) to about 1 W, the peak powers of the generated SHF are usually limited to 10 ¡5 W [17]. Even if it can be increased to 10 ¡2 W in HPW, the corresponding waveguide length to realise this efficiency is 1 mm [18], which is probably too long and not suitable for application in future integrated nanophotonic circuits. The rather small reported efficiencies are due to the relatively small nonlinear susceptibility in crystal, the moderately large nonlinear coupling coefficients between different frequencies and the absorption loss of the plasmonic modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second harmonic generation using an electrically controlled asymmetric plasmonic waveguide

Soltani

Nikoufard

2017

Journal of Experimental Nanoscience

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In this study, it was shown that field enhancement in the nonlinear metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguides can result in a large enhancement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) magnitude as compared with values reported in the literature. The proposed structure has two metals at the top and two metals at the bottom of the crystal. In this structure, a voltage is applied on metals to produce a SHG electrically. Hence, the metals that define the cavity also serve as electrodes capable of generating high direct current electric fields across the nonlinear material. The frequency of a fundamental wave at 458 nm was doubled and modulated in intensity by applying a moderate external voltage to the electrodes, yielding a voltage-dependent nonlinear generation with a higher coupling efficiency. All the simulations here have been calculated by using the finite-element-based commercial COMSOL software.

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Harmonic generation in silicon nitride ring resonators

Cited by 302 publications

References 24 publications

New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics

New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics

On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes

Second harmonic generation using an electrically controlled asymmetric plasmonic waveguide

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