“…In order to simulate this two-way coupling between the fluid environment and the immersed soft matter, a numerical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) code was developed utilizing an immersed boundary coupling scheme. Previous research has shown that the immersed boundary method (IBM) is an efficient approach to simulate soft matter and biological cells [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], flapping insect wings [ 31 , 32 , 33 ], harmonic oscillation of thin lamina in fluid [ 34 ] and other FSI problems, such as particle settling [ 35 ]. The advantage of this approach is two-fold.…”