Harnessing bioenergy and high value–added products from rice residues: a review

Valorization of Agricultural Wastes to Offset Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emissions: An Insight in Southeast Asia

“…Embracing circular and sustainable agricultural practices, such as implementing good agricultural practices emphasizing waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and proper disposal; adopting circular agriculture principles; increasing emphasis on organic, bio-, and bioorganic fertilizers; and conducting field trials to explore biomass/fertilizers' potential for increasing soil carbon sequestration [12,37,63,64] .…”

Catalytic transformations for agro-waste conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural: Chemistry and scale-up development

“…[132][133][134][135][136] For instance, rice straw and husk are made-up of significant contents of cellulose (30-50%), 136,137 hemicellulose (15-35%) 136,137 and lignin (10-20%), 136,137 which, if processed properly, could be considered as building blocks for various fine chemicals, textiles, medical science, and the biofuel and biopolymer industries. 138,139 However, the complex inter-and intrapolymer structures of rice straw and husk consisting of covalent and ester/ether linkages, in addition to the wrapping of the silica layers, do not allow them to undergo saccharification under mild reaction conditions, unlike other already-covered biomass. [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148] Hence, for a long time, most of the bio-refinery development related to this biomass has been concerned with the pre-treatment approaches for monosaccharide production and then the further conversion (of the pre-treated sacchar-ides) to bio-ethanol.…”

Sustainable application of rice-waste for fuels and valuable chemicals-a mini review

“…That means over 750–1,125 million tons of rice straw and around 150 million tons of rice husk are produced as rice waste every year around the world. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the main components of rice waste ( Chieng and Kuan, 2022 ). In rice straw, the lignocellulosic composition is 32%–47% of cellulose, 19%–27% of hemicellulose, and 5%–24% of lignin, and in rice husk, the predominant composition is 25%–35% of cellulose, 18%–21% of hemicellulose, and 26%–31% of lignin ( Binod et al, 2010 ; Santos et al, 2016 ).…”

“…In rice straw, the lignocellulosic composition is 32%–47% of cellulose, 19%–27% of hemicellulose, and 5%–24% of lignin, and in rice husk, the predominant composition is 25%–35% of cellulose, 18%–21% of hemicellulose, and 26%–31% of lignin ( Binod et al, 2010 ; Santos et al, 2016 ). Besides the organic components, SiO 2 (>80%) is dominant with other oxides containing Al, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, K, etc., that can be utilized for silica production or other materials based on these elements ( Chieng and Kuan, 2022 ).…”