Harnessing Endogenous Stimuli for Responsive Materials in Theranostics

Cook, Alexander; Decuzzi, Paolo

doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c09115

Cited by 156 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 317 publications

(550 reference statements)

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“…[26] By studying key signal transduction pathways in living systems, stimuli-responsive building blocks can also be incorporated into synthetic delivery platforms to achieve on-demand release of cargoes in the presence of endogenous triggers. [27]…”

Section: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Delivery Platforms For Cancer Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired and Biomimetic Delivery Platforms for Cancer Vaccines

et al. 2021

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However, despite the recent success of ICB and CAR-T therapies in cancer clinical trials, these approaches still face limitations as only a small fraction of patients derive clinical benefit. [4] ICB therapy cannot prime the immune system to specifically recognize or target tumor cells. This approach only works on related inhibitory signaling pathways, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and exerts therapeutic efficacy when antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are already present. [5] Successful treatment outcomes will therefore require the identification of predictive biomarkers to ascertain if the host tumor will respond to ICB therapeutics administered. [6] Although CAR-T has seen remarkable success in hematological malignancies, response rates of patients with solid tumors remain low. [7] Clinical applications of CAR-T therapies are limited due to on-target/off-tumor toxicities and the need for predefined tumor antigen (Ag). [8] Notwithstanding, the marked progress of immunotherapy using ICB and CAR-T has seen a surge of reinvigorated interest in cancer vaccine development. [9] Cancer vaccines involve the administration of tumor Ags and/or adjuvants to train the immune system to recognize and attack tumor cells. [10] Although vaccines against infectious diseases have been one of the greatest medical accomplishments of modern medicine, the application of vaccines in cancer treatment has seen far lesser success, and, till date only few cancer vaccines have received approval for clinical use. [11] Given their Cancer vaccines aim at eliciting tumor-specific responses for the immune system to identify and eradicate malignant tumor cells while sparing the normal tissues. Furthermore, cancer vaccines can potentially induce long-term immunological memory for antitumor responses, preventing metastasis and cancer recurrence, thus presenting an attractive treatment option in cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical efficacy of cancer vaccines has remained low due to longstanding challenges, such as poor immunogenicity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, inappropriate immune tolerance, and systemic toxicity. Recently, bioinspired materials and biomimetic technologies have emerged to play a part in reshaping the field of cancer nanomedicine. By mimicking desirable chemical and biological properties in nature, bioinspired engineering of cancer vaccine delivery platforms can effectively transport therapeutic cargos to tumor sites, amplify antigen and adjuvant bioactivities, and enable spatiotemporal control and on-demand immunoactivation. As such, integration of biomimetic designs into delivery platforms for cancer vaccines can enhance efficacy while retaining good safety profiles, which contributes to expediting the clinical translation of cancer vaccines. Recent advances in bioinspired delivery platforms for cancer vaccines, existing obstacles faced, as well as insights and future directions for the field are discu...

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Section: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Delivery Platforms For Cancer Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired and Biomimetic Delivery Platforms for Cancer Vaccines

et al. 2021

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“…The rise of smart materials that can respond and adapt to stimuli and changes in the local microenvironment has opened new avenues that are enabling great progress especially in the biomedical field [ 385 ]. Enzymes can be used as convenient stimuli for the design of responsive materials [ 386 ], with great potential in the development of combined therapy and diagnosis, for instance through activation on a target pathological site characterized by the selective overexpression of certain enzymes [ 387 ]. The coupling of enzyme-responsive materials with nanostructures can be convenient to develop photodynamic therapies for cancer treatment [ 388 ].…”

Section: Applications Of Cnm-enzyme Conjugatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) and Enzymes: From Nanozymes to CNM-Enzyme Conjugates and Biodegradation

et al. 2022

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Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and enzymes differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties—their handling and characterization require very different specialized skills. Therefore, their combination is not trivial. Numerous studies exist at the interface between these two components—especially in the area of sensing—but also involving biofuel cells, biocatalysis, and even biomedical applications including innovative therapeutic approaches and theranostics. Finally, enzymes that are capable of biodegrading CNMs have been identified, and they may play an important role in controlling the environmental fate of these structures after their use. CNMs’ widespread use has created more and more opportunities for their entry into the environment, and thus it becomes increasingly important to understand how to biodegrade them. In this concise review, we will cover the progress made in the last five years on this exciting topic, focusing on the applications, and concluding with future perspectives on research combining carbon nanomaterials and enzymes.

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“…24,25 Furthermore, enzymes, existing in different cells and tissues with specific overexpression, can also be used as specific drug release sites. 26–28 Nevertheless, the acidic microenvironment is the most unique and universal trait of TME for any solid tumor, where the normal tissue is pH 7.4. Therefore, taking the advantage of this, nanomaterials with acid-responsive linkers, such as amide bonds, acetals or ketones, esters, imines, hydrazones and vinyl ethers, have emerged and shown excellent potential for smart tumor chemotherapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%