Harnessing Local Immunity for an Effective Universal Swine Influenza Vaccine

Tchilian, Elma; Holzer, Barbara

doi:10.3390/v9050098

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…Adaptive immune responses of the lung are primarily initiated and maintained in bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes that drain the lung but usually not within the lung tissue ( 3 ). Furthermore, following application of vaccines at peripheral sides such as skin or muscles, immune protection of the lung is limited ( 4 ).…”

Section: Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue—baltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating COVID-19: MVA Vector Vaccines Applied to the Respiratory Tract as Promising Approach Toward Protective Immunity in the Lung

2020

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The lung is the vital target organ of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the majority of patients the most active virus replication seems to be found in the upper respiratory tract, severe cases however suffer from SARS-like disease associated with virus replication in lung tissues. Due to the current lack of suitable anti-viral drugs the induction of protective immunity such as neutralizing antibodies in the lung is the key aim of the only alternative approach-the development and application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, past experience from experimental animals, livestock, and humans showed that induction of immunity in the lung is limited following application of vaccines at peripheral sides such as skin or muscles. Based on several considerations we therefore propose here to consider the application of a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine to mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract as a favorable approach to combat COVID-19.

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Section: Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue—baltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating COVID-19: MVA Vector Vaccines Applied to the Respiratory Tract as Promising Approach Toward Protective Immunity in the Lung

2020

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“…A long history of experiments in mice has also shown that T cells induced by live virus infection can protect in the absence of neutralizing antibody (13, 95–98). In pigs the broadly protective vaccine candidate, signal minus Flu (S-FLU) reduced lung pathology and viral load in nasal swabs and the lung after homologous and partially matched challenge in the absence of neutralizing antibodies (99).…”

Section: T Cell Responses After Infection and Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

T and B Cell Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses in Pigs

et al. 2019

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Influenza viruses are an ongoing threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, causing considerable economic losses to farmers. Pigs are also a source of new viruses potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Many tools including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines and chemokines, gene probes, tetramers, and inbred pigs allow refined analysis of immune responses against influenza. Recent advances in understanding of the pig innate system indicate that it shares many features with that of humans, although there is a larger gamma delta component. The fine specificity and mechanisms of cross-protective T cell immunity have yet to be fully defined, although it is clear that the local immune response is important. The repertoire of pig antibody response to influenza has not been thoroughly explored. Here we review current understanding of adaptive immune responses against influenza in pigs and the use of the pig as a model to study human disease.

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“…Our hypothesis was that the immune system can be “tricked” to perceive cancer cells as influenza virus–infected cells following systemic delivery of virus-related antigens to targeted tumors and consequently launch an effective immune response against the cancer cells for treatment of metastatic disease. To test our hypothesis, we used influenza A virus–related antigens because influenza A virus is the most common cause of influenza virus infection in humans [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%