Harnessing remote sensing to address critical science questions on ocean-atmosphere interactions

Neukermans, Griet; Harmel, Tristan; Galí, Martí; Rudorff, Natália; Chowdhary, Jacek; Dubovik, Оleg; Hostetler, C. A.; Hu, Yongxiang; Jamet, Cédric; Knobelspiesse, Kirk; Lehahn, Yoav; Litvinov, Pavel; Sayer, A. M.; Ward, Brian; Boss, Emmanuel; Koren, Ilan; Miller, Lisa A.

doi:10.1525/elementa.331

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 315 publications

(367 reference statements)

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“…Fortunately, our ability to observe SCMs in remote Arctic marine systems will dramatically improve in the coming years. Although SCMs are invisible to ocean-colour sensors, there is the exciting prospect that new Lidar sensors will be able to detect these features from space [43]. Meanwhile, the increased use of ice-tethered profilers [44], Bio-ARGO floats [45], animal-borne instruments [46] and autonomous underwater vehicles [47,48] will allow us to monitor the seasonal dynamics of SCM vertical structure at an unprecedented spatial resolution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical structure in chlorophyll profiles: influence on primary production in the Arctic Ocean

Bouman

Jackson

Sathyendranath

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) layers are prevalent throughout the Arctic Ocean under stratified conditions and are observed both in the wake of retreating sea ice and in thermally stratified waters. The importance of these layers on the overall productivity of Arctic pelagic ecosystems has been a source of debate. In this study, we consider the three principal factors that govern productivity within SCMs: the shape of the chlorophyll profile, the photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton and the availability of light in the layer. Using the information on the biological and optical parameters describing the vertical structure of chlorophyll, phytoplankton absorption and photosynthesis–irradiance response curves, a spectrally resolved model of primary production is used to identify the set of conditions under which SCMs are important contributors to water-column productivity. Sensitivity analysis revealed systematic errors in the estimation of primary production when the vertical distribution of chlorophyll was not taken into account, with estimates of water-column production using a non-uniform profile being up to 97% higher than those computed using a uniform one. The relative errors were shown to be functions of the parameters describing the shape of the biomass profile and the light available at the SCM to support photosynthesis. Given that SCM productivity is believed to be largely supported by new nutrients, it is likely that the relative contribution of SCMs to new production would be significantly higher than that to gross primary production. We discuss the biogeochemical and ecological implications of these findings and the potential role of new ocean sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles in furthering the study of SCMs in such highly heterogeneous and remote marine ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical structure in chlorophyll profiles: influence on primary production in the Arctic Ocean

Bouman

Jackson

Sathyendranath

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…The current model version does not account for increases in sulfuric acid condensation sink due to increased emissions of sea salt and organic aerosols from the open ocean, which may lead to overestimates in nucleation rates in the simulations. However, there is no consensus on the CCN activity of sea spray aerosols (including primary organic aerosols and sea salts; Neukermans et al, 2018). Based on historical shipboard observations, Quinn et al (2017) concluded that a small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei are made up of sea spray aerosol especially in regions north of 60 • N. Leaitch et al (2016), based on recent observations in the Arctic region, also found that small particles (up to 20 nm) are activated in summer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, Grandey and Wang (2015) found that artificially enhanced DMS emissions in different latitude bands could potentially offset greenhouse-gas-induced warming across most of the world and especially in the Arctic region. The loss of Arctic sea ice allows further penetration of sunlight into surface ocean water (e.g., Nicolaus et al, 2012) that can increase net production of algae and phytoplankton (e.g., Arrigo and van Dijken, 2015). In addition, when sea ice is melted the surface ocean water is more prone to wind stress (Rainville et al, 2011;Martin et al, 2014) that can enhance air fluxes of DMS and other gases (e.g., Bates et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations

et al. 2019

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Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), outgassed from ocean waters, plays an important role in the climate system, as it oxidizes to methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which can lead to the formation of sulfate aerosol. Newly formed sulfate aerosol resulting from DMS oxidation may grow by condensation of gases, in-cloud oxidation, and coagulation to sizes where they may act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence cloud properties. Under future global warming conditions, sea ice in the Arctic region is expected to decline significantly, which may lead to increased emissions of DMS from the open ocean and changes in cloud regimes. In this study we evaluate impacts of DMS on Arctic sulfate aerosol budget, changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic region under current and future sea ice conditions using an atmospheric global climate model. Given that future DMS concentrations are highly uncertain, several simulations with different surface seawater DMS concentrations and spatial distributions in the Arctic were performed in order to determine the sensitivity of sulfate aerosol budgets, CDNC, and cloud radiative forcing to Arctic surface seawater DMS concentrations. For any given amount and distribution of Arctic surface seawater DMS, similar amounts of sulfate are produced by oxidation of DMS in 2000 and 2050 despite large increases in DMS emission in the latter period due to sea ice retreat in the simulations. This relatively low sensitivity of sulfate burden is related to enhanced sulfate wet removal by precipitation in 2050. However simulated aerosol nucleation rates are higher in 2050, which results in an overall increase in CDNC and substantially more negative cloud radiative forcing. Thus potential future reductions in sea ice extent may cause cloud albedos to increase, resulting in a negative climate feedback on radiative forcing in the Arctic associated with ocean DMS emissions.

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“…Bean et al, 2017 [27] discussed the impact of RS technologies onmonitoring the whole marine ecosystem models for an integrated and comprehensive approach to impact assessments that can benefit the society in the context of a country, such as the UK. Neukermans et al, 2018 [42] addressed critical science questions on ocean-atmosphere interaction using multiplatform space-borne missions, from visible to microwave, active, and passive sensors. Werdell et al, 2018 [43] have presented state of the art approaches to obtain marine inherent optical properties from ocean colour RS and have defined the areas where existing knowledge gaps remain.…”

Section: Remote Sensing Applications That Could Be Used For Dapsi(w)rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Remote Sensing Technologies to a Holistic Coastal and Marine Environmental Management Framework: A Review

et al. 2020

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Coastal and marine management require the evaluation of multiple environmental threats and issues. However, there are gaps in the necessary data and poor access or dissemination of existing data in many countries around the world. This research identifies how remote sensing can contribute to filling these gaps so that environmental agencies, such as the United Nations Environmental Programme, European Environmental Agency, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, can better implement environmental directives in a cost-effective manner. Remote sensing (RS) techniques generally allow for uniform data collection, with common acquisition and reporting methods, across large areas. Furthermore, these datasets are sometimes open-source, mainly when governments finance satellite missions. Some of these data can be used in holistic, coastal and marine environmental management frameworks, such as the DAPSI(W)R(M) framework (Drivers–Activities–Pressures–State changes–Impacts (on Welfare)–Responses (as Measures), an updated version of Drivers–Pressures–State–Impact–Responses. The framework is a useful and holistic problem-structuring framework that can be used to assess the causes, consequences, and responses to change in the marine environment. Six broad classifications of remote data collection technologies are reviewed for their potential contribution to integrated marine management, including Satellite-based Remote Sensing, Aerial Remote Sensing, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Unmanned Surface Vehicles, Unmanned Underwater Vehicles, and Static Sensors. A significant outcome of this study is practical inputs into each component of the DAPSI(W)R(M) framework. The RS applications are not expected to be all-inclusive; rather, they provide insight into the current use of the framework as a foundation for developing further holistic resource technologies for management strategies in the future. A significant outcome of this research will deliver practical insights for integrated coastal and marine management and demonstrate the usefulness of RS to support the implementation of environmental goals, descriptors, targets, and policies, such as the Water Framework Directive, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Ocean Health Index, and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges of these technologies are discussed.

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Harnessing remote sensing to address critical science questions on ocean-atmosphere interactions

Cited by 23 publications

References 315 publications

Vertical structure in chlorophyll profiles: influence on primary production in the Arctic Ocean

Vertical structure in chlorophyll profiles: influence on primary production in the Arctic Ocean

Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations

Contribution of Remote Sensing Technologies to a Holistic Coastal and Marine Environmental Management Framework: A Review

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