Harnessing the non-specific immunogenic effects of available vaccines to combat COVID-19

Mosaddeghi, Pouria; Shahabinezhad, Farbod; Dorvash, Mohammadreza; Goodarzi, M. A.; Negahdaripour, Manica

doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1833577

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…It has recently been observed [11] , [12] that several routinely administered vaccines, including SIV, may exert non-specific protective effects on SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes. The biological plausibility of such non-specific effects may be ascribable to the concept of trained immunity, whereby “ the long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells is evoked by exogenous or endogenous insults and leads to an altered response towards a second challenge after the return to a non-activated state ” [13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers

Domnich

Orsi

Sticchi

et al. 2022

Vaccine

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Objectives Healthcare workers (HCWs) are a priority group for seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV). The 2020/21 SIV campaign was conducted during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines, including SIV, may exert non-specific protective effects on other infectious diseases which may be ascribable to the concept of trained immunity. The aim of this study was to explore the association between 2020/21 SIV and SARS-CoV-2 positivity in a cohort of Italian HCWs. Methods In this observational study, a cohort of HCWs employed by a large (ca 5000 employees) referral tertiary acute-care university hospital was followed up retrospectively until the start of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. The independent variable of interest was the 2020/21 SIV uptake. Both egg-based and cell culture-derived quadrivalent SIVs were available. The study outcome was the incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections, as determined by RT-PCR. Multivariable Cox regression was applied in order to discern the association of interest. Results The final cohort consisted of 2561 HCWs who underwent ≥1 RT-PCR test and accounted for a total of 94,445 person-days of observation. SIV uptake was 35.6%. During the study period, a total of 290 new SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred. The incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.22–2.10) and 3.91 (95% CI: 3.43–4.45) per 1000 person-days in vaccinated and non-vaccinated HCWs, respectively, with an adjusted non-proportional hazard ratio of 0.37 (95% CI: 0.22–0.62). E -values suggested that unmeasured confounding was unlikely to explain the association. Conclusions A lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed among SIV recipients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers

Domnich

Orsi

Sticchi

et al. 2022

Vaccine

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“…Influenza and COVID-19 are different respiratory viral diseases that can be clinically indistinguishable and co-exist at the same period. Some preliminary studies suggest some protection against SARS-CoV-2 to be conferred from vaccination to other pathogens such as influenza [14] while others have produced contrasting result [39]. There is also a limited number of studies that examined the association of the pneumococcal vaccine with the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity or risk of death on COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and the risk of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kapoula

Vennou

Bagos

2022

Preprint

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A number of studies have investigated the potential non-specific effects of some routinely administered vaccines (e.g. influenza, pneumococcal) on COVID-19 related outcomes, with contrasting results. In order to elucidate this discrepancy, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between seasonal influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical outcomes. PubMed and medRxiv databases were searched, up until November 2021. Random effects model was used in the meta-analysis to pool odds ratio (OR) and adjusted estimates with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the Cohran's Q and the I2 index. Sub-group analysis, sensitivity analysis and assessment of publication bias were performed for all outcomes. In total 38 observational studies were included in the meta-analysis and there was substantial heterogeneity. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination were associated with lower risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.75-0.86 and OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.88, respectively). Regarding influenza vaccination, it seems that the majority of studies did not properly adjust for all potential confounders, so when the analysis was limited to studies that adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and socioeconomic indices, the association diminished. This is not the case regarding the pneumococcal vaccination, for which even after adjustment for such factors the association persisted. Regarding harder endpoints such as ICU admission and death, current data do not support the association. Possible explanations are discussed, including trained immunity, inadequate matching for socioeconomic indices and possible coinfection.

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“…In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lack of safe and effective vaccines and effective treatment drugs and protocols, researchers and public health experts recommended using existing licensed vaccines or medicines to treat COVID-19, such as vaccines (BCG, MMR, OPV, and influenza vaccine) [12] , [13] , [79] , antimicrobials (didanosine and hydroxychloroquine didanosine) [80] , [81] , antibiotics (azithromycin) [82] , or antiviral drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, and remdesivir) [83] . Among them, BCG has received the most attention.…”

Section: Is the Bcg Vaccine Effective Against Sars-cov-2 Infection?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, researchers found that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was undetectable in most participants vaccinated with mRNA-1273, BNT162b, or Ad26.COV2.S vaccines [10] , [11] . Before the COVID-19 specific vaccines were available, some existing vaccines, such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), measles vaccine (MV), oral polio vaccine (OPV), and Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR), had started to be repurposed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection [12] , [13] . BCG is a live attenuated strain derived from Mycobacterium bovis in 1921 and has been widely used for preventing tuberculosis (TB) in children globally [5] , [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents

Gong¹,

Mao

et al. 2022

International Immunopharmacology

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Harnessing the non-specific immunogenic effects of available vaccines to combat COVID-19

Cited by 14 publications

References 89 publications

Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers

Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and the risk of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents

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