2015
DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.006
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Has reducing fine particulate matter and ozone caused reduced mortality rates in the United States?

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Cited by 46 publications
(33 citation statements)
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“…The causality of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health is yet to be established. 58 However, the same study revealed that the ∼30% decreases of PM 2.5 and O 3 levels achieved in that period, thanks to the implementation of more stringent emission controls, did not translate into statistically significant changes in premature mortality rates. This is an important finding that begets the question of how stringent future regulations on air quality should be in order to achieve tangible improvements.…”
Section: Chemistry On the Surface Of The Human Lung Is Unusually Selementioning
confidence: 94%
“…The causality of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health is yet to be established. 58 However, the same study revealed that the ∼30% decreases of PM 2.5 and O 3 levels achieved in that period, thanks to the implementation of more stringent emission controls, did not translate into statistically significant changes in premature mortality rates. This is an important finding that begets the question of how stringent future regulations on air quality should be in order to achieve tangible improvements.…”
Section: Chemistry On the Surface Of The Human Lung Is Unusually Selementioning
confidence: 94%
“…Further, they highlight the importance of having a control population with comparable health experiences during the study period that was also not affected by the intervention and its reduced air pollutant concentrations to assess if any residual confounding remains. As discussed by Cox and Popken (2015), 23 the lack of an adequate control group that experienced the same trends in mortality (here a decline in cardiovascular and total mortality over the past several years), but not the improvements in air quality, makes any conclusion about the impact of an intervention on mortality (here total or cardiovascular mortality) less convincing.…”
Section: Residential Heating Fuel and Change In Heating Fuel Typementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, new and previously developed causal inference methods have been proposed for such accountability studies. 23,74 …”
Section: Conclusion and Lessons Learnedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, [76] identified a Grangercausal association between fatty diet and risk of heart disease decades later in aggregate (national level) data. Cox and Popken [16] found a statistically significant historical association, but no evidence of Granger causation, between ozone exposures and elderly mortality rates on a time scale of years. Granger causality testing software is freely available in R (e.g., http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ MSBVAR/MSBVAR.pdf).…”
Section: Granger Causality Tests Show Whether Changes In Hypothesizedmentioning
confidence: 97%