2003
DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00597.x
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Has the Price of Motherhood Declined Over Time? A Cross‐Cohort Comparison of the Motherhood Wage Penalty

Abstract: As the 21st century begins, women may be approaching equality, but mothers are still far behind. (Ann Crittenden,

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Cited by 154 publications
(173 citation statements)
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References 30 publications
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“…Past research shows how individual-level factors contribute to the motherhood penalty (Anderson et al 2003;Avellar and Smock 2003;Budig and England 2001;Lundberg and Rose 2000;Sigle-Rushton and Waldfogel 2004;Waldfogel 1998a and b); Budig and England (2001) estimate that American mothers earn 7 percent less per child. Possible explanations for this unexplained penalty among American mothers include employer discrimination, reduced human capital and work effort, workplace compensating differentials, differences in family composition, and negative selectivity into motherhood.…”
Section: Theoretical Contextmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Past research shows how individual-level factors contribute to the motherhood penalty (Anderson et al 2003;Avellar and Smock 2003;Budig and England 2001;Lundberg and Rose 2000;Sigle-Rushton and Waldfogel 2004;Waldfogel 1998a and b); Budig and England (2001) estimate that American mothers earn 7 percent less per child. Possible explanations for this unexplained penalty among American mothers include employer discrimination, reduced human capital and work effort, workplace compensating differentials, differences in family composition, and negative selectivity into motherhood.…”
Section: Theoretical Contextmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Motherhood wage penalties occur in the U.S. (Anderson, Binder, and Krause 2003;Avellar and Smock 2003;Budig and England 2001;Lundberg and Rose 2000;Waldfogel 1997Waldfogel , 1998aWaldfogel , 1998b, the U.K. (Davies and Pierre 2005;Harkness and Waldfogel 2003;Joshi and Newell 1989;Joshi, Pierella, and Waldfogel 1999;Waldfogel 1997Waldfogel , 1998b, Austria, Canada, Germany, Finland and Sweden (Davies and Pierre 2005;Harkness and Waldfogel 2003), and Denmark, Spain, and Portugal (Davies and Pierre 2005). Previous cross-national work suggests substantial variations in the size of this penalty (Davies and Pierre 2005;Harkness and Waldfogel 2003;Author 2007a), but this research, based on small numbers of countries, does not directly examine the association of between motherhood earnings penalties and particular social policies.…”
Section: Motherhood Earnings Penaltiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pal and Waldfogel (2016) find a decline in the motherhood wage gap in the more recent period, 1993-2013. On the other hand, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Avellar and Smock (2003) find no changes in the motherhood penalty. 6 We use the 1962-2015 March CPS surveys downloaded from the IPUMS-CPS.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Среди факторов, которые обусловливают разрыв в заработных платах между матерями и женщинами без детей, западными исследователями были выделены следующие: -семейное положение: одни исследователи полагают, что разница в заработной плате больше для замужних женщин с маленькими детьми (в сравнении с женщинами без детей), чем для незамужних женщин с маленькими детьми, поскольку у замужних женщин суммарный се-мейный доход выше, и, следовательно, женщины могут позволить себе проводить больше времени с ребёнком (детьми) и меньше задумываться о работе, денежных вопросах [Budig, England 2001]; другие же придерживаются иной точки зрения и считают, что разрыв зара-ботных плат среди замужних женщин меньше, чем среди незамужних [Avellar, Smock 2003]. Однако стоит отметить, что это верно только для женщин с высоким уровнем образования, занимающих высокие должности, руководящие посты;…”
Section: как объяснить разрыв в заработных платах женщин с детьми и бunclassified