Has the time finally come for green oleochemicals and biodiesel production using large-scale enzyme technologies? Current status and new developments

Mustafa, Ahmad; Faisal, Shah; Ahmed, Inas A.; Munir, Mamoona; Cipolatti, Eliane Pereira; Manoel, Evelin Andrade; Pastore, Carlo; di Bitonto, Luigi; Hanelt, Dieter; Nitbani, Febri Odel; El-Bahy, Zeinhom M.; Inayat, Abrar; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M.; Tonova, Konstantza; Bokhari, Awais; Abomohra, Abdelfatah

doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108275

Cited by 44 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…An appealing alternative approach is the oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alcohols, but aldehydes are usually gained by selective oxidation of alcohols [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Scheme 2 Synthesis Of Esters Via Activation Of Carboxylic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, conventional Fisher esterification has other complications associated with the generation of side reactions (such as oxidation and etherification), corrosion of the equipment, tedious purification procedures, and the discharge of large volumes of acidic wastes. Despite being industrially significant, the esterification process has yet to overcome these drawbacks in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way [16]. Scheme 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visible Light-Promoted Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols to Esters

Dellisanti,

Chessa,

Porcheddu

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Ester is one of the most significant functional groups in organic chemistry and is enclosed in several valued molecules. Usually, esters are prepared through the acid-catalyzed esterification reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, transesterification of esters with alcohols, or via activation of carboxylic acids followed by the addition of alcohols. However, these procedures typically imply the excess use of reactants and harsh reaction conditions. Visible light-mediated photoreactions have been disclosed to display a safe, sustainable, and accessible alternative to traditional methods, and to lead new reactivity modes in organic procedures. In this context, we propose a transition metal-based and organic-based photocatalyst-free synthesis of esters from alcohols induced by visible light. The methodology can be carried out using sunlight or artificial visible light as a solar simulator or a blue LED source.

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Section: Scheme 2 Synthesis Of Esters Via Activation Of Carboxylic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Light-Promoted Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols to Esters

Dellisanti,

Chessa,

Porcheddu

et al. 2024

Molecules

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“…Removing oxidizing materials and pigments is an advantage of chemical refining rather than physical refining. The chemical refining loss is higher than the other because the caustic soda and soap act as emulsifying agents which escape neutral oil in soap stock during centrifuge separation 8 . A new physical degumming technique, known as an enzymatic degumming method, is established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case study of chemical and enzymatic degumming processes in soybean oil production at an industrial plant

Khamies,

Hagar,

Kassem

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The vegetable oil degumming process plays a critical role in refining edible oil. Phospholipids (PL) removal from crude extracted soybean oil (SBO) by the enzymatic degumming process has been investigated in this work. Enzymatic degumming of extracted SBO with microbial phospholipase A1 PLA-1 Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes have also been studied comparatively. The main novelty of our work is the use of the enzymatic degumming process on an industrial scale (600 tons a day). Many parameters have been discussed to understand in detail the factors affecting oil losses during the degumming process. The factors such as chemical conditioning (CC) by phosphoric acid 85%, the enzyme dosage mg/kg (feedstock dependent), the enzymatic degumming reaction time, and the characteristics of the plant-processed SBO have been discussed in detail. As a main point, the degummed oil with a phosphorus content of < 10 mg/kg increases yield. Quara LowP and Lecitase Ultra enzymes are not specific for certain phospholipids PL; however, the conversion rate depends on the SBO phospholipid composition. After 4 h, over 99% of Phospholipids were degraded to their lysophospholipid LPL (lysolecithin). The results showed a significant effect of operating parameters and characteristics of different origins of SBO, fatty acids FFA content, Phosphorus content and total divalent metals (Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg and Iron Fe mg/kg) content on the oil loss. The benefit of using enzymatic degumming of vegetable oils rather than traditional chemical refining is that the enzymatic degumming process reduces total oil loss. This decrease is known as enzymatic yield. The enzymatic degumming also decreases wastewater and used chemicals and running costs; moreover, it enables physical refining by lowering the residue phosphorus to < 10 mg/kg.

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“…However, these applications require drastic conditions (100–140 °C) that result in partial loss of the product and increased overall energy consumption. In this context, enzymatic hydrolysis is becoming one of the most widely used methods as it requires less energy consumption and mild environmental conditions [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. In addition, the absence of strong acids or bases does not adversely affect the subsequent conversion processes, such as fermentation, for the formation of valuable products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Network of Processes for Biorefining Burdock Seeds and Roots

di Bitonto,

Scelsi,

Errico

et al. 2024

Molecules

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In this work, a novel sustainable approach was proposed for the integral valorisation of Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds and roots. Firstly, a preliminary recovery of bioactive compounds, including unsaturated fatty acids, was performed. Then, simple sugars (i.e., fructose and sucrose) and phenolic compounds were extracted by using compressed fluids (supercritical CO2 and propane). Consequently, a complete characterisation of raw biomass and extraction residues was carried out to determine the starting chemical composition in terms of residual lipids, proteins, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash content. Subsequently, three alternative ways to utilise extraction residues were proposed and successfully tested: (i) enzymatic hydrolysis operated by Cellulases (Thricoderma resei) of raw and residual biomass to glucose, (ii) direct ethanolysis to produce ethyl levulinate; and (iii) pyrolysis to obtain biochar to be used as supports for the synthesis of sulfonated magnetic iron-carbon catalysts (Fe-SMCC) to be applied in the dehydration of fructose for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The development of these advanced approaches enabled the full utilisation of this resource through the production of fine chemicals and value-added compounds in line with the principles of the circular economy.

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Has the time finally come for green oleochemicals and biodiesel production using large-scale enzyme technologies? Current status and new developments

Cited by 44 publications

References 153 publications

Visible Light-Promoted Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols to Esters

Visible Light-Promoted Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols to Esters

Case study of chemical and enzymatic degumming processes in soybean oil production at an industrial plant

A Network of Processes for Biorefining Burdock Seeds and Roots

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