Hatchery Efficacy Trials with Chloramine-T for Control of Bacterial Gill Disease

Bullock, G. L.; Herman, Roger L.; Waggy, Charles

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1991)003<0048:hetwct>2.3.co;2

Cited by 51 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Chloramine-T is used as a bactericide at concentrations ranging from 9-12 ppm for one-hour static bath treatments either singly, or in a series of three treatments given on alternate days (Bills et al 1988;Bullock et al 1991). Single static bath and recycle bath treatments with 9 ppm of chloramine-T (N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide sodium salt, Sigma Chemical Co. 1 , St. Louis, MO, USA) were conducted first, and then a multiple static bath treatment consisting of three treatments at 12 ppm was performed on alternate days.…”

Section: Chemotherapeutant Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Selected Chemotherapeutants on Nitrification in Fluidized-Sand Bioftlters for Coldwater Fish Production

Schwartz¹,

Bullock²,

Hankins³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture

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Four fish chemotherapeutants, formalin, benzalkonium chloride, chloramine-T, and hydrogen peroxide were evaluated for their effect on the nitrification efficiency of fluidized-sand biofilters. The chemotherapeutants were added at conventional concentrations to two small-scale (2,200 L) coldwater recirculating rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture systems each containing six fluidizedsand biofilters operating in parallel. Nitrification efficiency of biofilters was calculated before and after chemotherapeutant treatments by determining ammonia removal efficiency at ambient conditions, and also when challenged with a sudden increase of ammonium chloride at a concentration four times that of the ambient total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN). Two formalin treatments in recycle bath mode at 167 and 300 ppm were conducted with only the 300 ppm treatment having a significant negative effect on biofilter nitrification efficiency. Four single benzalkonium chloride treatments of one and 2 ppm were conducted; two static bath treatments and two recycle bath treatments. Of these four tests, only the recycle bath treatments caused biofilter nitrification efficiency to be significantly impaired. Two multiple treatments with benzalkonium chloride were conducted: one static bath treatment and one recycle.bath treatment. These treatments caused ammonia removal efficiency to decrease by 18% in the static bath treatment and by 63% in the recycle bath treatment. Of these two tests, only the recycle bath treatment caused a significant impairment of nitrification. Single static bath and recycle bath treatments with 9 ppm of chloramine-T both resulted in significant impairment of nitrification, as did a 12 ppm multiple static bath treatment. A single static bath treatment with 100International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture, vol. l, no. 1 61 ppm of hydrogen peroxide caused almost total failure of nitrification within 24 h of treatment but biofilters were able to remove 23% of TAN within 48 h of treatment.

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Section: Chemotherapeutant Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Selected Chemotherapeutants on Nitrification in Fluidized-Sand Bioftlters for Coldwater Fish Production

Schwartz¹,

Bullock²,

Hankins³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture

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“…It was shown that for exposures of less than 3 h the median lethal concentration (LC5,) was more than the 5-10 mg/L recommended for the treatment of bacterial gill disease (From 1980;Speare and Ferguson 1989a;Bullock et al 1991). Toxicity increased in soft water and at lower pH but was reduced with increased organic loading; a higher temperature also increased chloramine-T toxicity (Bills et al 1988a(Bills et al , 1988b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies have examined the effects of intermittent sublethal exposure of chlorine on salmonids (Heath 1977;Seegert and Brooks 1978;Zeitoun 1978, Seegert et al 1979Booth et al 1981;Brooks and Bartos 1984). These previous studies used concentrations of total residual chlorine greater than those reported as a result of the use of chloramine-T for the control of bacterial gill disease (Bullock et al 1991). In addition, the studies that specifically examined the toxicity of chlorine under various conditions Heath 1977;Seegert and Brooks 1978;Zeitoun 1978;Seegert et al 1979;Booth et al 1981, Brooks andBartos 1984) used more frequent exposure of fish than the chloramine-T treatment regimes used in the aquaculture industry (typically 1 h of exposure per day for up to 3 consecutive days).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill epithelia following repeated intermittent exposure to chloramine-T

Powell¹,

Wright²

1995

Can. J. Zool.

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Chloramine-T is a widely used prophylactic and therapeutic agent in freshwater aquaculture. This study exafhined the effects of repeated intermittent exposure of healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings to sublethal concentrations of chloramine-T (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/L) twice weekly in 1-h pulses at 11 OC for 4 weeks in a replicate-tank facility. Gills were excised from subsamples of fish prior to exposure and at the end of the 4-week experimental period. Tissue was fixed and processed for light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The gill epithelium from fish treated with 10 and 20 mg/L chloramine-T appeared swollen and vacuolated, with extensive intercellular edema. There was a significant reduction in the number of lamellar mucous cells and an apparent increase in the numbers of chloride cells. Chloride cells from both the base of the lamella and the lamellar surface of gills exposed to chloramine-T had a significant increase in the area of the apical plasmalemma after treatment with 10 and 20 mg/L, and a reduction in the thickness of the apical plasmalemma-associated glycocalyx. These morphological changes are consistent with a compensatory mechanism for the remedial uptake of ions, suggesting that chloramine-T increased epithelial ion permeability coincident with a possible influx of water leading to intercellular edema. Chloride cell proliferation and intercellular edema may also have affected gas exchange across the branchial epithelium. RCsumC : La chloramine-T est un agent prophylactique et thirapeutique trks employ6 dans 1'Clevage des poissons d'eau douce. Nous avons CtudiC les effets d'expositions intermittentes rCpCtCes d'alevins sains de Truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) h des concentrations sublCtales de chloramine-T (0, 5, 10 ou 20 mg/L) h raison de deux fois par semaine, 1 h h la fois, h 11 OC, pendant 4 semaines, dans un aquarium permettant les expCriences rCpCtCes. Les branchies ont Ct C exciskes chez des sous-Cchantillons de poissons avant I'exposition et h la fin de la pCriode experimentale de 4 semaines. Les tissus ont Ct C fix& et prCparCs pour examen au microscope photonique et aux microscopes Clectroniques ordinaire et h balayage. L'CpithClium branchial des poissons traitCs h des doses de chloramine-T de 10 et 20 mg/L Ctait enflC et vacuoli, et affect6 par un oedkme intercellulaire important. Le nombre de cellules lamellaires muqueuses Ctait considCrablement rCduit et les cellules h chlorures semblaient plus nombreuses. Dans les cellules h chlorures de la base des lamelles branchiales aussi bien que dans celles des surfaces lamellaires exposCes h la chloramine-T des poissons exposCs aux concentrations de 10 et 20 mg/L, la zone du plasmalemme apical Ctait trks agrandie et I'Cpaisseur du glycocalyx associC au plasmalemme apical Ctait rCduite. Ces changements morphologiques reflktent probablement l'existence d'un mCcanisme compensateur d'absorption d'ions, ce qui indique que le produit entraine peut-Ctre une augmentation de la permCabilitC de 1'...

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“…Moreover the two compounds are used in Italy for tool/tank disinfection in aquaculture, and in other countries also for treatment of fish bacteria, fungi and parasites (Bullock et al 1991, Harris et al 2005, Sudová et al 2010, Straus et al 2012a. Chloramine-T is less affected by organic matter than other chloride compounds; it becomes more toxic in acidic and warm water and in soft water (Bills et al 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of two water disinfectants (chloramine T and peracetic acid) on the epidermis and gills of Garra rufa used in human ichthyotherapy

Sirri¹,

Zaccaroni²,

Biase³

et al. 2013

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Doctor fish (Garra rufa) have recently been used for aesthetic purposes and as a medical treatment in patients with psoriasis (ichthyotherapy). For this particular kind of human therapy it is essential to guarantee adequate hygienic conditions for both people and fish. The aim of this study was to test two concentrations of water disinfectants, chloramine T and peracetic acid, on Garra rufa to ascertain possible exposure damage to the epidermis and gills. Fish were exposed to 2 mg/l and 10 mg/l of chloramine T and to 15 μl/l and 45 μl/l of peracetic acid in a 40-minute static bath up to six times a day for one week. The epidermis and gills were checked for histological changes and the number of epidermal mucous cells, club cells and taste buds were quantified; mucous cells were also characterized histochemically to detect alterations in mucin production. No mortality or severe histological changes were found in treated or control fish. Cell count showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in mucous cells (mean 49.1 ± 6.7 vs 37.0 ± 13.1 of controls) in animals treated with peracetic acid independently of the dose. Club cell number showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in fish treated with 2 mg/l of chloramine T (mean 74.3 ± 15.6) and with 45 μl/l of peracetic acid (mean 78.17 ± 10.5) compared to controls (mean 107.0 ± 19.2). Histochemical evaluation of mucous cells did not reveal changes in mucin type in fish exposed to the two disinfectants. The results suggest a good tolerability of Garra rufa to the two disinfectants at the concentrations tested.

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Hatchery Efficacy Trials with Chloramine-T for Control of Bacterial Gill Disease

Cited by 51 publications

References 1 publication

Effects of Selected Chemotherapeutants on Nitrification in Fluidized-Sand Bioftlters for Coldwater Fish Production

Effects of Selected Chemotherapeutants on Nitrification in Fluidized-Sand Bioftlters for Coldwater Fish Production

Morphological changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill epithelia following repeated intermittent exposure to chloramine-T

Effects of two water disinfectants (chloramine T and peracetic acid) on the epidermis and gills of Garra rufa used in human ichthyotherapy

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