“…Lega in particular has focused on the negative consequences of immigration. In concordance, many results in the economic literature find that an increase in the number of immigrants causes an increase in votes for far-right parties in most European countries (Dustman et al, 2018, Halla et al, 2017, Levi et al, 2020, and this holds for Italy too (Barone et al, 2016, Caselli et al, 2019. However, the literature that specifically focus on populism provides mixed results on this, suggesting that migration may be part of a populist narrative more than a determinant of votes at local level (Colantone and Stanig, 2018a).…”