Hate Crime and the Legal Process: Options for Law Reform

Walters, Mark; Wiedlitzka, Susann; Owusu-Bempah, Abenaa; Goodall, Kay

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3427984

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…This can be problematic for victims because they may consider that if they report a hate crime it will not be taken seriously. This is also highlighted by the fact that certain types of hate crime may attract longer sentencing than others (Walters et al, 2017). Combined with the fact that some police forces record misogyny and alternative subcultures as a form of hate crime and others do not, this leaves victims with a confused picture.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era

Awan

Zempi

2018

European Journal of Criminology

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Existing research on Islamophobic hate crime has examined in detail the verbal, physical and emotional attacks against Muslims. However, the experiences of non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime because they look Muslim remain 'invisible' in both official statistics and empirical research. Drawing on data from qualitative interviews with 20 non-Muslim men based in the United Kingdom, we examined their lived experiences of Islamophobic hate crime. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. A deductive approach to thematic analysis was adopted to analyse participants' narratives, and six overarching themes were developed: (1) Nature of Islamophobic hate crime; (2) Triggers of Islamophobic hate crime; (3) Impact of Islamophobic hate crime; (4) Reporting incidents, responses and barriers to Islamophobic hate; (5) Victims' coping strategies and (6) Recommendations on tackling the problem. Our findings show that participants experienced Islamophobic hate crime because of 'trigger' events namely the Brexit vote, Donald Trump's presidency as well as ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks in European countries such as France, Germany, Sweden and UK. Participants described being verbally and physically attacked, threatened and harassed as well as their property being damaged. The impacts upon victims included physical, emotional, psychological, and economic damage. These experiences were also damaging to community cohesion and led to polarisation between different communities in the UK.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era

Awan

Zempi

2018

European Journal of Criminology

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“…Further, there is evidence that hate crimes 'hurt more' emotionally than non-hate crimes, due to the implicitly personal nature of a victim's identity being targeted (for an overview see Iganski and Lagou, 2015). Victims of hate crime often experience heightened emotional stress, anxiety, elevated levels of fear, and a plethora of mental health issues (Chakraborti and Garland, 2015;Hall, 2013;Iganski, 2001;Iganski and Lagou, 2015;Mizock and Lewis, 2008;Moran, 2004Moran, , 2018Walters and Hoyle, 2010;Walters, Wiedlitzka, Owusu-Bempah, and Goodall, 2017).…”

Section: Hate and Hate Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Designing hate crime reporting devices: An exploration of young LGBT+ people’s report needs

Pickles

2019

Journal of LGBT Youth

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This paper reports on an exploratory study, which gathered LGBT+ young people's (aged 15-22) experiences and perceptions of hate crime. Two design-led workshops were conducted in the North East of England, with the aim of identifying the reporting needs of LGBT+ young people. Participants in the first workshop were asked what types of 'hate' scenarios they would report to the police. Participants in the second workshop were asked to design hate crime reporting devices. Young people were ambivalent about reporting their experiences to the police as their victimization was intimately tied to people they were connected with (parents, school peers, acquaintances). They highlighted a variety of response needs when reporting victimization. This article argues that acts of bullying and acts of anti-LGBT+ hate crime are symmetrical in their tangibility. LGBT+ youth victimization is currently framed, within scholarly discourse, as a bullying issue involving peer victimization. However, the criminological discourse on LGBT+ adult victimization is framed as hate crime. The data provided bridges this gap by conceptualizing youth victimization as a form of hate crime, an important contribution in recognizing the report needs of young LGBT+ people.

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“…Of these successful prosecutions, 38% received a sentence uplift. Similarly, 858 hate crimes against transgender identity were recorded by the police, with only 68 securing prosecutions; 35% of these received a sentence uplift (Walters, et al, 2017). Thus, the desire for criminal justice workers to achieve successful prosecutions carrying a sentence uplift is disconnected from the reality.…”

Section: Reporting and Disconnected Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policing hate and bridging communities: a qualitative evaluation of relations between LGBT+ people and the police within the North East of England

Pickles

2019

Policing and Society

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Hate Crime and the Legal Process: Options for Law Reform

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era

‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era

Designing hate crime reporting devices: An exploration of young LGBT+ people’s report needs

Policing hate and bridging communities: a qualitative evaluation of relations between LGBT+ people and the police within the North East of England

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