Hate Crimes: Perspectives on Offending and the Law

King, Ryan D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0245-0_24

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The police could seek to establish dialogue with hate groups in their community to build a rapport and send a message that everybody's rights will be protected while illegal acts, including violent crimes, are never acceptable. Similarly, the police could raise awareness among both their own officers and the general community about the negative effects of hate crimes and antigovernment violence, as well as publicizing measures that individuals and communities could take to protect themselves , 2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, there is relatively little empirical research investigating this issue. Behind the dearth of relevant literature are several methodological obstacles to valid data collection (Green et al, 2001; King, 2013). One such obstacle is the lack of consensus over the meaning of “hate crime.” Definitions of hate crime often vary across police jurisdictions (e.g., states, counties), and academics who devise their own definitions risk clouding an already nebulous concept (see Perry, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship Between Hate Groups and Far-Right Ideological Violence

Adamczyk

Gruenewald

Chermak

et al. 2014

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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This study examines whether the presence of hate groups increases the likelihood of serious ideologically motivated violence committed by far-rightists. While hate crime research has generally focused on a single state or made comparisons across several states, we seek to examine this relationship within the context of U.S. counties. A smaller unit of analysis allows for the simultaneous consideration of several social processes operating at the community level, which might also influence ideologically motivated offending by far-right extremists. We test the relationship using data from the Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) for the dependent measure, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) for the hate groups measure, and various other sources for additional variables. We find that the existence of a hate group in a county is significantly related to the occurrence of far-right ideologically motivated violence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship Between Hate Groups and Far-Right Ideological Violence

Adamczyk

Gruenewald

Chermak

et al. 2014

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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“…The majority of U.S. states have enacted some version of hate crime legislation, including laws that explicitly penalize bias-motivated crimes, laws that increase civil liability for hate crime offenders, and laws that require officials to collect hate crime statistics (Grattet et al, 1998; Soule & Earl, 2001). In addition to state law, the U.S. Congress passed the federal Hate Crime Statistics Act in 1990, mandating the Attorney General to collect data on crimes motivated by animus (King, 2009; Nolan, Akiyama, & Berhanu, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Difference “Hate” Makes in Clearing Crime

Lyons

Roberts

2014

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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Studying hate crime clearance rates provides an opportunity to uncover the factors that influence police effectiveness for a relatively new legal category-one that was designed ostensibly to protect minorities, and that may pose unique challenges for police reporting, defining, and investigation. Using multiple years (2005-2010) of data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), we estimate event history models to compare the incident-level predictors and relative probability of arrest for hate and nonbias crimes. As an aggregate category, we find hate crimes are less likely to clear than nonbias crimes. However, the most prototypical hate crimes-White-on-non-White incidents motivated by racial and ethnic bias-are as likely to clear as the most successfully cleared nonbias crimes. Our results suggest that only hate crimes that fit popular constructions of "normal victims and offenders" receive investigative outcomes comparable with otherwise similar nonbias offenses.

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“…A couple of decades have passed since hate crime entered the dictionary of law enforcement. Most jurisdictions do not define hate crime as a distinct category of offences but instead generally refer to penalty enhancement statutes, to hate crime motives as an aggravating factor in relation to sentencing or to administrative measures such as collecting statistics (King, 2009). While legal definitions vary, hate crime is commonly understood as a criminal act that is partially or wholly motivated by bias or prejudice towards the victim's actual or perceived identity (e.g.…”

Section: Hate Crimes and The Promise Of Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Inappropriate but not crime’? Policing racial hatred in Sweden

Atak

2020

Nordic Journal of Criminology

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Racial bias afflicts police practices across the globe. Police discrimination against and mistreatment of racial and ethnic minorities is indeed difficult to underestimate. While much attention has been thus paid to racially biased policing, fewer studies examine the question from the reverse angle, namely how the police themselves combat racist offences. This article offers empirical insights into the policing of racial hatred in Sweden, a relevant yet relatively understudied case. Drawing on interviews with police officers and crime investigators, I discuss law enforcement perspectives, e.g. perceptions and reasoning in relation to the investigation of racist offences. Findings evince a rather narrow approach as regards the constructions of racist motive that involves a relatively restricted use of bias labelling in identifying hate incidents, especially when the boundaries of racial hostility are perceived as blurred. I argue that while such an approach may reflect a legitimate effort to demonstrate the existence of a motive behind an offence, it may also lead to an underestimation of more mundane forms of racism and their harms inflicted upon racialized individuals and communities. The results have implications for 'recognition' and 'belonging' as benchmarks of democratic policing, and 'the promise of inclusion' associated with combatting hate crimes.

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Hate Crimes: Perspectives on Offending and the Law

Cited by 8 publications

References 71 publications

The Relationship Between Hate Groups and Far-Right Ideological Violence

The Relationship Between Hate Groups and Far-Right Ideological Violence

The Difference “Hate” Makes in Clearing Crime

‘Inappropriate but not crime’? Policing racial hatred in Sweden

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