Have Policies Tackled Gender Inequalities in Health? A Scoping Review

Crespí-Lloréns, N; Hernández-Aguado, Ildefonso; Chilet-Rosell, Elisa

doi:10.3390/ijerph18010327

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“… 8 In the same line, after the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action's demand for greater attention to the social determinants of health —including gender and multisector programming— and more recently, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, few policies have been formulated, implemented, or evaluated to tackle gender inequities in health. 9 …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although the overall picture is of slow and unequal progress and the number of studies showing significant improvements seems modest, studies included in different reviews reported progress 7 , 8 , 9 , 13 . It is worth noting that the actions regarding gender bias in healthcare, gender-sensitivity educational interventions, and health and non-health policies aimed at the reduction of gender inequities in health, were successful.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Along with the reported experiences, there are publications that make evidence-based recommendations or analyse facilitators and barriers which serve as a guide for the design and implementation of new actions, programs and policies aimed at reducing gender inequities. 6 , 9 In addition, different groups have been organized to work towards the reduction of gender inequities. Initiatives at the global level are conducting advocacy activities which could shape a new feminist public health agenda advocating the reduction of health inequities through the promotion of action.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Solving gender gaps in health, what else is missing?

Chilet-Rosell

Hernández-Aguado

2022

Gaceta Sanitaria

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In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to gender inequities in health. However, while we have a good body of evidence on the impact of gender on the health and vulnerability of women and men, we have not yet been able to generate sufficient evidence on effective interventions that can transform this situation or can influence public health policy making. Only a limited number of educational interventions on gender-sensitivity, gender bias in clinical practice and policies to tackle gender inequalities in health have been formulated, implemented and evaluated. Even in the current pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV2, we have seen the lack of gender mainstreaming reflected in the global response. This happens even when we have tools that facilitate the formulation and implementation of actions to reduce gender inequities in health. We consider that the current initiatives organized to carry out advocacy activities on gender inequity in health to be very positive. In the same line of these initiatives, we propose that while academic and institutional research on gender and health remains essential, we need to shift the focus towards action. In order to move forward, we need public health researchers questioning what public health practice need to do to address gender inequities and shake structural and social power inequities in order to increase the gender equity in health.

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confidence: 99%

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Solving gender gaps in health, what else is missing?

Chilet-Rosell

Hernández-Aguado

2022

Gaceta Sanitaria

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“…18 Policy processes that engage women, gender experts, and groups that are marginalised due to identities, such as disability, gender identity, ethnicity, and sexuality, are essential to the development of gender responsive and inclusive health responses. 19,20 However, decision making in relation to national COVID-19 responses has largely adopted an exclusionary, male-dominated approach: a UN Development Programme review found that only 24% of national COVID-19 task force members globally are women. 21 Pandemic responses that do not recognise the importance of sex and gender will always be less equitable and less effective.…”

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From routine data collection to policy design: sex and gender both matter in COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Vaccine equity is a growing concern of COVID-19 vaccination roll-outs and uptake globally. Gender has a role in vaccine uptake 1 but goes largely unrecognised in vaccine policies and programmes, undermining attempts to ensure equity. There is a wider gender blind spot that pervades national health responses to COVID-19 beyond vaccination, ranging from the way countries collect and report data to the commitments they make in pandemic health policies.Socially constructed gender norms can mean that women's access to COVID-19 prevention, testing, and treatment, including vaccination, is hindered by unaffordable fees or inability to travel to services. 2 In immunisation programmes before COVID-19, factors such as low autonomy, labour responsibilities, and unpaid care burdens were reasons for gendered barriers to vaccination that disadvantaged women. 3 COVID-19 vaccine uptake may be impacted by poorer access to health services and information about vaccines or perceptions of lower risk, among other factors. 4 Sex is thought to account for greater efficacy of some vaccines in women compared with men due to the different regulation of immune responses related to factors that include hormonal and chromosomal differences. 5 According to the Global Health 50/50 (GH5050) COVID-19 Sex-Disaggregated Data Tracker, among countries reporting COVID-19 vaccine uptake data, women comprise 53% of individuals receiving at least one dose. 6 However, only 34 of the roughly 180 countries that have begun vaccination programmes reported sexdisaggregated data on vaccine coverage between mid-April and mid-May, 2021. 6 Poor recognition by governments of the importance of considering sex and gender is also evident in national policies designed to guide vaccine roll-out. The GH5050 Sex, Gender and COVID-19 Health Policy Portal shows only five (9%) of 58 vaccine policies available as of March, 2021, mentioned gender. England, India, and Lebanon were the only countries found to include gender in their COVID-19 vaccine policies and to publicly report on vaccine uptake by sex. 6,7 However, the inclusion of gender is just a starting point. In-depth analysis of the UK Government's COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) meetings

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“…The absence of health and social resources leaves women at a clear risk of contracting HIV in their search for basic survival resources for themselves and their children. Advancing care and assistance to female victims of disasters will only be possible through approaches that advocate for equality between women and men in terms of access to and fair distribution of opportunities, rights, obligations, and resources [ 91 ]. This research shows that Haitian women had an increase in seropositivity not due to chance and that when their family depended on them, the risk was even greater: the earthquake and HIV are not gender-neutral.…”

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confidence: 99%

Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

Llorente-Marrón

Gómez

Fernández

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Although disasters threaten all people who experience them, they do not affect all members of society in the same way. Its effects are not solely restricted to the economic sphere; they also affect the physical and mental health of those who suffer from them, having a particular impact on women and limiting their life chances. The aim of this study was to examine the impact the 2010 Haiti earthquake had on the seropositivity of female survivors. Method: Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines the impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on gender relations associated with the probability of being HIV positive through the differences-in-differences strategy. Results: A differential of four percentage points is observed in the probability of HIV seropositivity between men and women, favoring men. Additionally, it is observed that the probability of seropositivity intensifies when the cohabitation household is headed by a woman. Conclusion: Disasters are not indifferent to the gender of the people affected. In the second decade of the 21st century, the conclusions obtained show, once again, the need for incorporating the gender perspective into the management of natural hazards in the field of health. This is the case of the differential exposure to HIV after the earthquake in Haiti.

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Have Policies Tackled Gender Inequalities in Health? A Scoping Review

Cited by 28 publications

References 50 publications

Solving gender gaps in health, what else is missing?

Solving gender gaps in health, what else is missing?

From routine data collection to policy design: sex and gender both matter in COVID-19

Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

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