Have We Ignored Vector-Associated Microbiota While Characterizing the Function of Langerhans Cells in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis?

Abstract

The skin represents one of the largest organs in mammalians and accomplishes complex physiological and immunological functions (1). The most outer epidermal layer of this cutaneous shield is pivotal to protect the body from invading microorganisms. However, this barrier is futile, once pathogens are incorporated into deeper dermal compartments by bloodsucking arthropods. In this case, arthropod-associated pathogens such as fungi, protozoans, viruses, and bacteria are transmitted into the dermis of mammalians (2). After such a barrier-breakdown, a promptly reacting innate immune response is crucial to eliminate most of the arthropod-associated pathogens at the site of infection (3).