Hawthorne effects and research into professional practice

Holden, John

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.2001.00280.x

Cited by 220 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Because hospitalists were not blinded to the survey, attending behavior may have been subject to a Hawthorne effect. 33 Consenting patients after the procedure could have provided hospitalists with an opportunity to exclude patients who appeared less satisfied with their procedure; however, attempts were made to prevent this behavior by requiring strict accounting of why a patient was not consented for the study. Use of alternative personnel for consent such as nurses was explored, but was found not to be feasible due to limited resources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient satisfaction with a hospitalist procedure service: Is bedside procedure teaching reassuring to patients?

Mourad

Auerbach

Maselli

et al. 2011

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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BACKGROUND:In recent years, hospital medicine programs have adopted “procedure teams” that supervise residents in performing invasive bedside procedures. The effect of procedure teams on patient satisfaction is unknown.OBJECTIVE:We sought to measure patient satisfaction with procedures performed by a hospitalist‐supervised, intern‐based procedure service (HPS) with a focus on patient perception of bedside communication.DESIGN:This was a prospective survey.METHODS:We surveyed all patients referred to the HPS for bedside thoracentesis, paracentesis, lumbar puncture, and arthrocentesis at a single academic medical center. Following each procedure, surveys were administered to English‐speaking patients who could provide informed consent. Survey questions focused on patients' satisfaction with specific aspects of procedure performance as well as the quality and impact of communication with the patient and between members of the team.RESULTS:Of 95 eligible patients, 65 (68%) completed the survey. Nearly all patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the overall experience (100%), explanation of informed consent (98%), pain control (92%), and expertise (95%) of physicians. The majority of patients were satisfied with procedure duration (88%) and in those with therapeutic procedures most (89%) were satisfied with improvement in symptoms. Hearing physicians discuss the procedure at the bedside was reassuring to most patients (84%), who felt this to be a normal part of doing a procedure (94%).CONCLUSIONS:Patients are highly satisfied with procedure performance by supervised trainees, and many patients were reassured by physician communication during the procedure. These results suggest that patient experience and teaching can be preserved with a hospitalist‐supervised procedure service. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient satisfaction with a hospitalist procedure service: Is bedside procedure teaching reassuring to patients?

Mourad

Auerbach

Maselli

et al. 2011

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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“…The passive control group was included to test whether the active monitoring in the control group led to improvements in performance simply because of external interest in the farm (the so-called 'Hawthorne' effect; Holden, 2001). No differences between the control and passive control groups were found in any reproductive outcomes (data not shown), and hence there was no evidence of the Hawthorne effect and no further reference will be made to this group in this paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of herd management programmes to improve the reproductive performance of dairy cattle

McDougall¹,

Heuer

Morton³

et al. 2014

Animal

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There has been a long history of herd health and production management programmes in many dairy industries around the world, but evidence for the efficacy of such programmes is limited. In response to a perceived decline in fertility of dairy cows, a herd reproductive management programme (InCalf) was introduced in New Zealand in 2007. This programme uses a management cycle approach that includes an assessment of the current herd status, identification of areas for improvement, development of a plan, implementation of this plan and finally a review process. The programme uses facilitators who work with farmers either in a oneto-one manner or in a formalised group setting that involves a series of meetings over a 12-month period (the farmer action group). The hypothesis that involvement in a reproductive management programme would improve herd reproductive performance was tested using a herd-level controlled randomised study (the National Herd Fertility Study) involving herds in four geographic regions of New Zealand over 2 years. Within each region, herds were ranked on the basis of the 6-week in-calf rate (i.e. the proportion of the herd pregnant in the first 6 weeks of the seasonal breeding programme) in the year preceding commencement of the study and then randomly assigned to be involved in a farmer action group or left as untreated controls. The key outcome variable of the study was the 6-week in-calf rate. Pregnancy diagnosis was undertaken at 12 weeks after the start of the seasonal breeding programme, which allowed determination of conception dates and hence calculation of the 6-week in-calf rate. Additional measurements including heifer live weight and body condition score (pre-calving and pre-mating) were undertaken to test whether treatment resulted in measurable changes in some of the key determinants of herd reproductive performance. Involvement in the farmer action group of InCalf resulted in a 2 percentage point increase in the 6-week in-calf rate ( P = 0.05). The following additional observations were made in herds involved in the farmer action group relative to control herds: heifers had live weight closer to target; the pre-mating body condition score of cows was higher; and oestrous detection rates were higher. It was concluded that involvement in this herd reproductive management programme improved reproductive outcomes in this New Zealand study. However, to achieve substantial improvements in herd reproductive performance at the regional or national level a greater response to the programme and a high uptake of such programmes is required, as well as use of other industry-level tools such as genetic management programmes.Keywords: dairy cows, fertility, randomised controlled trial, management programme Implications A planned animal health approach to dairy herd fertility was demonstrated, through a controlled randomised study, to improve fertility at herd level. The programme tested (InCalf) used a management cycle approach, that is assessment of current performance against goals and objecti...

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“…Empirical research exploring association between observation and altered behaviour has been undertaken mainly in the field of education where some research teams have failed to detect systematic relationship between research participation and improved outcomes 16 . There is a consensus that individuals change behaviour when they are studied but not in a consistent or predictable manner 15,17,18 .…”

Section: Impact Of Observation On Usual Behaviour: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of observing hand hygiene in practice and research: a methodological reconsideration

Gould

Creedon

Jeanes

et al. 2017

Journal of Hospital Infection

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This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Direct observation is the recommended audit method but is associated with a number of disadvantages, including potential for being observed to alter usual behaviour. The Hawthorne effect in relation to hand hygiene is equated with productivity by increasing the frequency that hand hygiene is undertaken. Permanent repository linkUnobtrusive and/or frequent observation to accustom staff to the presence of observers are considered acceptable ways of reducing the Hawthorne effect but little has been written about how to implement these techniques or assess their effectiveness. There is evidence that awareness of being watched can disrupt the usual behaviour of individuals in complex and unpredictable ways other than simple productivity effect. Health workers might defer or avoid activities that require hand hygiene in the presence of auditors but these issues are not

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Hawthorne effects and research into professional practice

Cited by 220 publications

References 12 publications

Patient satisfaction with a hospitalist procedure service: Is bedside procedure teaching reassuring to patients?

Patient satisfaction with a hospitalist procedure service: Is bedside procedure teaching reassuring to patients?

Use of herd management programmes to improve the reproductive performance of dairy cattle

Impact of observing hand hygiene in practice and research: a methodological reconsideration

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